How accurate are the converters and calculators on UnitConverterAndCalculator?

All formulas and conversion factors are sourced from established references, then cross-checked with automated test suites. For most use cases, results maintain precision to at least six decimal places, with clear rounding when applied. For regulated or mission-critical work, follow your organization’s validation standards.

Do I need to create an account or install anything to use the tools?

No. UnitConverterAndCalculator works directly in your browser with no account and no installation. Open the site, choose a converter or calculator, and start instantly on desktop or mobile.

Can UnitConverterAndCalculator help me learn the formulas behind the results?

Yes. Many tools include an educational mode that shows the exact formula used, the meaning of variables, and a plain-language explanation so you can verify the math and learn the concepts.

Is UnitConverterAndCalculator suitable for professional and academic use?

Yes. Students, educators, engineers, analysts, and designers use it for daily work, labs, reports, and teaching. For regulated environments, combine outputs with your internal verification processes.

How can I get support or suggest a new converter or calculator?

Email support@unitconverterandcalculator.com to report issues, ask questions, or request new converters and calculators. Feedback helps prioritize the most useful improvements.

Free Unit Converter & Calculator - UnitConverterAndCalculator

Welcome to UnitConverterAndCalculator, the most comprehensive free online platform for instant unit conversions and calculations. Our suite of 86+ converters and professional calculators help millions of users worldwide - from students and teachers to engineers, scientists, contractors, and everyday users who need quick, accurate measurements.

Why Choose UnitConverterAndCalculator?

86+ Unit Converters - The most extensive collection of conversion tools available online, covering length, weight, temperature, volume, pressure, energy, power, and dozens more categories
Professional Calculators - Loan calculators for 10 different loan types, mortgage calculators for 8 mortgage types, GPA calculators for multiple grading scales
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Multi-Language Support - Available in English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, Japanese, and Hindi

Popular Conversions

1 kilometer = 0.621371 miles | 1 mile = 1.60934 kilometers
1 kilogram = 2.20462 pounds | 1 pound = 0.453592 kilograms
1 meter = 3.28084 feet | 1 foot = 0.3048 meters
1 centimeter = 0.393701 inches | 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
0°C = 32°F | 100°C = 212°F
1 liter = 0.264172 US gallons | 1 US gallon = 3.78541 liters
1 ounce = 28.3495 grams | 1 gram = 0.035274 ounces

Common Unit Conversion Calculator

Unit conversion calculators help convert values between different measurement systems, including metric and imperial units. Common conversions include length, weight, temperature, volume, speed, and pressure. These tools are widely used in science, engineering, education, and everyday life to ensure accurate communication of measurements and prevent calculation errors.

Length Converter

Convert between meters, feet, inches, kilometers, miles, yards, and more length units.

Weight Converter

Convert between kilograms, pounds, ounces, grams, tons, and more mass units.

Temperature Converter

Convert between Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine temperature scales.

Time Converter

Convert between seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, and years.

Speed Converter

Convert between m/s, km/h, mph, knots, feet per second, and more velocity units.

Volume Converter

Convert between liters, gallons, cups, milliliters, cubic meters, and more.

Enter Value: From Unit: To Unit: 1 Liter = 0.264172 Gallons

Area Converter

Convert between square meters, acres, hectares, square feet, and more area units.

Enter Value: From Unit: To Unit: 1 Square Meter = 10.7639 Square Feet

Angle Converter

Convert between degrees, radians, gradians, and other angular measurements.

Digital Storage Converter

Convert between bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, and more.

Frequency Converter

Convert between Hertz, kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, and RPM.

How to Use This Converter

Select the unit you want to convert from.
Select the unit you want to convert to.
Enter the value to convert.
View the converted result instantly.

Measurement Systems Explained

Different systems of measurement are used worldwide. The International System of Units (SI) is the most widely used scientific system and is based on powers of ten. The imperial system and United States customary units are commonly used in the United States for everyday measurements. Unit conversion tools help users understand and compare values across these systems.

Why Unit Conversion Is Important

Unit conversion is essential in engineering, science, healthcare, education, and commerce. Incorrect conversions can lead to serious errors in calculations, research, and real-world applications. Accurate conversion tools help students, professionals, and individuals save time and avoid mistakes.

Common Unit Conversion Examples

Conversion Type	Example
Length	Miles to kilometers
Weight	Kilograms to pounds
Temperature	Celsius to Fahrenheit
Volume	Liters to gallons
Speed	km/h to mph
Pressure	PSI to bar

Popular Unit Conversions

kilometers to miles
kilograms to pounds
Celsius to Fahrenheit
km/h to mph
liters to gallons
square meters to square feet
gigabytes to megabytes
feet to meters
ounces to grams

Understanding Each Unit Type

Length

Length measures the distance between two points. It's one of the fundamental physical quantities used in science, engineering, construction, and daily life. The metric system uses meters as the base unit, while the imperial system uses feet and inches.

Common Units: Meters (m), Kilometers (km), Centimeters (cm), Feet (ft), Inches (in), Miles (mi), Yards (yd)

Example: 1 mile = 1.609 km, 1 foot = 30.48 cm, 1 inch = 2.54 cm

Weight / Mass

Weight measures the heaviness of an object (technically, mass measures the amount of matter). Used in cooking, shipping, fitness, medicine, and commerce. Metric uses kilograms/grams; imperial uses pounds/ounces.

Common Units: Kilograms (kg), Grams (g), Pounds (lb), Ounces (oz), Metric Tons, US Tons, Stones

Example: 1 kg = 2.205 lb, 1 lb = 453.6 g, 1 oz = 28.35 g

Temperature

Temperature measures the degree of hotness or coldness. Celsius is used worldwide for weather and science; Fahrenheit is used in the US; Kelvin is used in scientific calculations (starts at absolute zero).

Common Units: Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), Kelvin (K), Rankine (°R)

Example: 0°C = 32°F = 273.15K, 100°C = 212°F = 373.15K

Time

Time measures the duration between events. It's universal and standardized globally. Used for scheduling, project management, science, cooking, and every aspect of daily life.

Common Units: Seconds (s), Minutes (min), Hours (hr), Days, Weeks, Months, Years

Example: 1 hour = 60 min = 3,600 seconds, 1 day = 24 hours

Speed / Velocity

Speed measures how fast an object moves (distance per unit of time). Used in transportation, sports, physics, and weather (wind speed). Different regions use different units for vehicle speeds.

Common Units: Meters/second (m/s), Kilometers/hour (km/h), Miles/hour (mph), Knots, Feet/second

Example: 100 km/h = 62.14 mph, 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h, 1 knot = 1.852 km/h

Volume

Volume measures the three-dimensional space occupied by a substance. Essential for cooking, chemistry, fuel measurement, and liquid storage. Metric uses liters; US uses gallons, cups, and fluid ounces.

Common Units: Liters (L), Milliliters (mL), Gallons (gal), Cups, Fluid Ounces (fl oz), Cubic Meters (m³)

Example: 1 gallon (US) = 3.785 L, 1 cup = 237 mL, 1 liter = 33.8 fl oz

Area

Area measures the size of a two-dimensional surface. Used in real estate, construction, agriculture, flooring, and land measurement. Calculated as length × width for rectangles.

Common Units: Square Meters (m²), Square Feet (ft²), Acres, Hectares, Square Kilometers, Square Miles

Example: 1 acre = 4,047 m² = 43,560 ft², 1 hectare = 10,000 m²

Angle

Angle measures the rotation between two lines meeting at a point. Used in mathematics, engineering, navigation, astronomy, and construction. Degrees are common; radians are used in calculus and physics.

Common Units: Degrees (°), Radians (rad), Gradians (gon), Minutes of Arc, Seconds of Arc

Example: 360° = 2π radians, 90° = π/2 radians, 1 radian ≈ 57.3°

Digital Storage

Digital storage measures data capacity in computers and devices. Used for files, hard drives, memory, and internet data. Note: Decimal (GB) and binary (GiB) standards differ slightly.

Common Units: Bytes (B), Kilobytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), Terabytes (TB), Bits

Example: 1 GB = 1,000 MB (decimal) or 1,024 MB (binary), 1 byte = 8 bits

Frequency

Frequency measures how often something occurs per unit of time, typically cycles per second. Used in electronics, radio, sound, and rotating machinery. The SI unit is Hertz (Hz).

Common Units: Hertz (Hz), Kilohertz (kHz), Megahertz (MHz), Gigahertz (GHz), RPM (revolutions/min)

Example: 1 MHz = 1,000 kHz = 1,000,000 Hz, 60 RPM = 1 Hz

Related Conversion Tools

About This Tool

This free unit conversion tool is developed to provide accurate online converters for students, professionals, and everyday users. It uses standardized scientific conversion factors to simplify measurement conversions between metric, imperial, and US customary units. Whether you need to convert kilometers to miles for travel, kilograms to pounds for shipping, or Celsius to Fahrenheit for weather, this tool provides instant, accurate results with no registration required.

Common Use Cases

Travel planning: Convert distances, temperatures, and fuel volumes
Cooking and baking: Convert recipe measurements between units
Fitness and health: Convert body weight and running distances
Science and education: Homework, lab reports, and research
Real estate: Convert property sizes between units
Technology: Convert file sizes between bytes, MB, GB, TB
International shipping: Convert weights and dimensions
DIY and construction: Convert measurements for projects

⚠️ Disclaimer: This converter is for informational purposes. While we use standard conversion factors, verify results for critical applications.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the most common unit conversion?

Length and weight conversions such as miles to kilometers and kilograms to pounds are among the most common worldwide.

Are these conversions accurate?

Yes. This tool uses standardized scientific conversion factors. For example, 1 inch = exactly 2.54 centimeters, 1 pound = exactly 0.45359237 kilograms. Results are accurate to multiple decimal places.

What systems of measurement are used worldwide?

The metric system (SI), imperial system, and U.S. customary units are the most widely used. The metric system is standard in science and used by most countries, while the imperial system is primarily used in the United States.

What is the difference between metric and imperial units?

Metric units (meters, kilograms, liters) are based on the decimal system and used by most countries worldwide. Imperial units (feet, pounds, gallons) are primarily used in the United States, UK (partially), and a few other countries. Our converter handles both systems seamlessly.

Can I convert between any two units?

You can convert between any units within the same category (e.g., any length unit to any other length unit). You cannot convert between different categories (e.g., length to weight) because they measure different physical properties.

Is this converter free to use?

Yes! This converter is 100% free with no registration, no limits, and no hidden fees. Use it as many times as you need for personal, educational, or professional purposes.

Why are there different temperature scales?

Celsius (used globally) sets 0° at water's freezing point and 100° at boiling. Fahrenheit (used in the US) sets 32° at freezing and 212° at boiling. Kelvin (scientific) starts at absolute zero (-273.15°C). Each has historical and practical reasons for its scale.

How do I convert kilometers to miles?

Use our Length converter tab, enter your value in kilometers, and select miles as the target unit. The formula is: miles = kilometers × 0.621371. For example, 10 km = 6.21 miles.

Can I use this on my phone?

Absolutely! Our converter is fully responsive and works on all devices—smartphones, tablets, and desktop computers. No app download needed; just use your web browser.

Use Common Unit Conversion Calculator

Engineering Unit Converters

Use this 100% free tool to convert engineering units including power, energy, force, pressure, torque, density, moment of inertia, and acceleration. Essential for engineers, students, and technical professionals—no sign-up required.

Power Converter

Convert between watts, kilowatts, megawatts, horsepower, BTU/hour, and more power units.

Energy Converter

Convert between joules, calories, kilowatt-hours, BTU, electron volts, and more energy units.

Force Converter

Convert between newtons, pound-force, kilogram-force, dynes, and more force units.

Pressure Converter

Convert between pascals, bar, psi, atmospheres, torr, and more pressure units.

Torque Converter

Convert between newton-meters, pound-feet, kilogram-meters, and more torque units.

Density Converter

Convert between kg/m³, g/cm³, lb/ft³, and more density units.

Specific Volume Converter

Convert specific volume units for thermodynamics and engineering applications.

Moment of Inertia Converter

Convert moment of inertia units for rotational mechanics calculations.

Angular Velocity Converter

Convert between rad/s, rpm, degrees/second, and more angular velocity units.

Linear Acceleration Converter

Convert between m/s², g-force, ft/s², and more acceleration units.

Angular Acceleration Converter

Convert angular acceleration units for rotational dynamics.

How to Use This Converter

Select the type of conversion you need from the tabs above
Enter your value in the input field
Choose your source unit from the dropdown
Select the target unit you want to convert to
The result appears instantly - no button click needed!

Common Conversions

kilowatts to horsepower
psi to bar
newtons to pound-force
joules to calories
newton-meters to pound-feet
pascals to atmospheres
kilowatt-hours to BTU
kg/m³ to lb/ft³
RPM to rad/s

Understanding Each Unit Type

Power

Power measures the rate at which energy is transferred or work is done. It tells you how quickly energy is being used or produced—not the total amount, but how fast.

Common Units: Watt (W), kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW), horsepower (hp), BTU/hour

Example: A 100W light bulb converts 100 joules of electrical energy to light and heat every second. A car engine producing 200 hp can do work twice as fast as a 100 hp engine.

Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work. It can be stored, transferred, and converted between different forms (mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical). Unlike power, energy measures the total amount of work done.

Common Units: Joule (J), calorie (cal), kilowatt-hour (kWh), BTU, electron volt (eV)

Example: Your monthly electricity bill measures energy in kWh. A 1000W appliance running for 1 hour uses 1 kWh of energy. A candy bar contains about 250 kilocalories of chemical energy.

Force

Force is a push or pull that causes an object to accelerate, slow down, or change direction. Newton's second law states: Force = mass × acceleration (F = ma). Force is what makes things move or stop.

Common Units: Newton (N), pound-force (lbf), kilogram-force (kgf), dyne

Example: Lifting a 1 kg object against gravity requires about 9.8 N of force. A car's brakes apply thousands of newtons to slow the vehicle. Pushing a shopping cart requires a few newtons.

Pressure

Pressure is force applied perpendicular to a surface per unit area. It's crucial in fluid systems, hydraulics, pneumatics, and atmospheric science. Higher pressure means more force concentrated on a smaller area.

Common Units: Pascal (Pa), bar, psi (pounds per square inch), atmosphere (atm), torr, mmHg

Example: Atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 101,325 Pa (1 atm, 14.7 psi, or 1.013 bar). Car tires typically run at 30-35 psi. Scuba divers experience 2 atm at 10 meters depth.

Torque

Torque (also called moment of force) measures rotational force—how much a force causes an object to rotate around an axis. It equals force times the perpendicular distance from the pivot point.

Common Units: Newton-meter (N·m), pound-foot (lb·ft), kilogram-meter (kg·m), inch-pound

Example: Car engines are rated by torque (e.g., 300 N·m or 221 lb·ft). Tightening a bolt requires specific torque. A longer wrench provides more torque with the same force.

Density

Density is mass per unit volume—how much matter is packed into a given space. It determines whether objects float or sink in fluids. Denser materials feel heavier for the same size.

Common Units: kg/m³, g/cm³, g/mL, lb/ft³, lb/in³

Example: Water has a density of 1000 kg/m³ (1 g/cm³). Steel is about 7850 kg/m³. Air is only 1.2 kg/m³. Ice floats because it's less dense than liquid water (920 kg/m³).

Specific Volume

Specific volume is the inverse of density—volume per unit mass. It describes how much space a unit of mass occupies. Commonly used in thermodynamics to describe gases and steam.

Common Units: m³/kg, ft³/lb, cm³/g, L/kg

Example: Steam has a much higher specific volume than liquid water—that's why it expands dramatically when water boils. Specific volume of steam at 100°C is about 1.67 m³/kg vs. 0.001 m³/kg for liquid water.

Moment of Inertia

Moment of inertia measures an object's resistance to rotational acceleration—how hard it is to spin or stop spinning. It depends on both mass and how that mass is distributed relative to the rotation axis.

Common Units: kg·m², g·cm², slug·ft², lb·ft·s², oz·in²

Example: A flywheel's moment of inertia determines how much torque is needed to speed it up. Figure skaters spin faster when they pull their arms in because they reduce their moment of inertia.

Angular Velocity

Angular velocity measures how fast an object rotates—the rate of change of angular position. It describes rotational speed, telling you how many rotations or radians are completed per unit time.

Common Units: Radian/second (rad/s), RPM (revolutions per minute), degrees/second (°/s)

Example: A car engine at 3000 RPM has an angular velocity of about 314 rad/s. Earth rotates at about 0.0000727 rad/s (one rotation per day). A ceiling fan might spin at 200 RPM.

Linear Acceleration

Linear acceleration is the rate of change of velocity in a straight line. It measures how quickly an object speeds up, slows down, or changes direction. Gravity causes acceleration of about 9.81 m/s².

Common Units: m/s², ft/s², g (standard gravity ≈ 9.81 m/s²), Gal (cm/s²)

Example: A sports car accelerating from 0-60 mph in 4 seconds experiences about 0.68g. Astronauts experience up to 3g during launch. Roller coasters can produce 4-5g in turns.

Angular Acceleration

Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity—how quickly rotational speed increases or decreases. It measures how fast an object speeds up or slows down its spinning.

Common Units: rad/s², degrees/s² (°/s²), RPM/s, rev/s²

Example: When you step on the gas, your engine's RPM increases—that rate of increase is angular acceleration. A washing machine spinning up from 0 to 1200 RPM in 10 seconds has angular acceleration of 120 RPM/s.

Related Categories

About This Engineering Unit Converters

What Is This Tool?

This Engineering Unit Converter is a free, comprehensive online tool designed for engineers, scientists, students, and technical professionals. It provides instant, accurate conversions for 11 essential engineering unit categories including power, energy, force, pressure, torque, density, and acceleration—all with no registration required.

Why Use This Converter?

Engineering calculations often require converting between metric, imperial, and specialized unit systems. Whether you're designing machinery, analyzing structures, calculating energy consumption, or working on academic projects, accurate unit conversion is critical. Our converter eliminates manual calculations and potential errors, saving time and ensuring precision in your work.

How It Works

Our engineering converters use internationally standardized conversion factors and formulas. Select the unit category you need, enter your value, choose source and target units, and get instant results. All calculations are performed in your browser using precise mathematical formulas—we don't store any of your data.

Common Use Cases

Mechanical design: Convert torque, force, and pressure units for machine specifications
Electrical engineering: Convert power units between watts, horsepower, and BTU
HVAC systems: Convert energy, power, and pressure for heating/cooling calculations
Automotive: Convert torque (N·m to lb·ft), power (kW to hp), and acceleration units
Aerospace: Convert acceleration (g-force), angular velocity, and moment of inertia
Civil engineering: Convert pressure (psi, bar, kPa) for structural analysis
Manufacturing: Convert density and specific volume for material calculations
Academic projects: Homework, lab reports, and research requiring unit conversions

⚠️ Disclaimer

This engineering unit converter is provided for informational and educational purposes only. While we use internationally standardized conversion factors, results should be verified for critical engineering applications. Always consult relevant standards and specifications for safety-critical calculations.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between power and energy?

Power is the rate of energy transfer (watts). Energy is total work done (joules, kWh). Power × Time = Energy.

How do I convert psi to bar?

1 psi = 0.0689476 bar, or 1 bar = 14.5038 psi.

Is this engineering converter free to use?

Yes! 100% free with no registration required.

Use Engineering Converters

Thermal & HVAC Unit Converters

Use this 100% free tool to convert thermal and heat-related units including BTU, thermal conductivity, heat flux, specific heat, SEER ratings, HVAC tons, and CFM airflow. Essential for HVAC technicians, engineers, and building professionals—no sign-up required.

Temperature Interval Converter

Convert temperature difference/interval units between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales.

Thermal Expansion Converter

Convert thermal expansion coefficients for material science and engineering applications.

Thermal Resistance Converter

Convert thermal resistance units for insulation and heat flow analysis.

Thermal Conductivity Converter

Convert thermal conductivity units (W/m·K, BTU/hr·ft·°F) for heat transfer calculations.

Specific Heat Converter

Convert specific heat capacity units (J/kg·K, cal/g·°C) for thermodynamics.

Heat Density Converter

Convert heat density units for thermal energy storage calculations.

Heat Flux Converter

Convert heat flux density units (W/m², BTU/hr·ft²) for heat transfer analysis.

Heat Transfer Coefficient Converter

Convert heat transfer coefficient units for convection calculations.

BTU Converter

Convert BTU to other energy units for HVAC and heating applications.

SEER Rating Converter

Convert SEER, EER, and COP efficiency ratings for air conditioners and heat pumps.

HVAC Tons Converter

Convert cooling capacity between tons of refrigeration, BTU/h, and kilowatts.

CFM Airflow Converter

Convert airflow units (CFM, m³/h, L/s) for HVAC system design.

How to Use This Converter

Select the type of conversion you need from the tabs above
Enter your value in the input field
Choose your source unit from the dropdown
Select the target unit you want to convert to
The result appears instantly - no button click needed!

Common Conversions

BTU to joules
W/m·K to BTU/hr·ft·°F
J/kg·K to cal/g·°C
W/m² to BTU/hr·ft²
SEER to EER
tons to BTU/h
CFM to m³/h
cooling tons to kW

Understanding Each Unit Type

Temperature Interval

Temperature interval measures the difference between two temperatures, not the absolute temperature itself. This distinction matters because temperature scales have different step sizes—a 10°C change equals an 18°F change, but 10°C absolute does NOT equal 18°F absolute.

Common Units: Celsius interval (ΔC), Fahrenheit interval (ΔF), Kelvin interval (ΔK)

Example: If a room heats from 20°C to 30°C, the temperature interval is 10ΔC = 18ΔF = 10ΔK. Note: ΔC and ΔK are always equal because they use the same step size.

Thermal Expansion

Thermal expansion coefficient describes how much a material's size changes when temperature changes. Most materials expand when heated and contract when cooled. This is critical for engineering design to prevent buckling, cracking, or binding.

Common Units: per °C (1/°C or /°C), per °F (1/°F), per Kelvin (1/K), ppm/°C

Example: Steel expands about 12 μm per meter for every 1°C increase. That's why bridges use expansion joints—a 100m bridge can grow 12mm in a 100°C temperature swing.

Thermal Resistance

Thermal resistance (R-value) measures how well a material resists heat flow—the opposite of conductivity. Higher R-value means better insulation. It's the thermal equivalent of electrical resistance.

Common Units: m²·K/W (SI), ft²·°F·hr/BTU (US R-value), clo (clothing insulation)

Example: Fiberglass insulation rated R-13 provides 13 ft²·°F·hr/BTU resistance. Doubling insulation thickness doubles R-value. A typical down jacket has about 2-3 clo of insulation.

Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity (k-value) measures how easily heat flows through a material. High conductivity materials transfer heat quickly; low conductivity materials are insulators. It's the inverse concept of thermal resistance.

Common Units: W/m·K, BTU/hr·ft·°F, cal/s·cm·°C

Example: Copper conducts heat at 401 W/m·K—excellent for cookware and heat sinks. Fiberglass insulation is about 0.04 W/m·K. Air is 0.026 W/m·K, which is why trapped air pockets insulate well.

Specific Heat Capacity

Specific heat is the energy required to raise one unit of mass by one degree of temperature. Materials with high specific heat absorb more energy before getting hot. Water has unusually high specific heat, making it excellent for cooling systems.

Common Units: J/kg·K, cal/g·°C, BTU/lb·°F, kJ/kg·K

Example: Water requires 4,186 J to heat 1 kg by 1°C—about 4× more than most materials. This is why oceans moderate coastal climates and why water is used in car radiators and heating systems.

Heat Density

Heat density measures thermal energy stored per unit volume. It's important for thermal energy storage systems, phase-change materials, and comparing how much heat different materials can hold in the same space.

Common Units: J/m³, kWh/m³, BTU/ft³, MJ/m³

Example: Phase-change materials like paraffin wax store heat as heat density during melting, then release it when cooling. This is used in building materials to reduce temperature swings.

Heat Flux Density

Heat flux density measures the rate of heat transfer per unit area—how much thermal power passes through a surface. It's used in solar energy, heat exchanger design, and thermal analysis.

Common Units: W/m², BTU/hr·ft², cal/s·cm², kW/m²

Example: Solar irradiance at Earth's surface is about 1000 W/m² on a clear day at noon. A home heating system might deliver 30-50 W/m² through the floor in radiant heating.

Heat Transfer Coefficient

Heat transfer coefficient (h) describes how effectively heat transfers between a surface and a fluid through convection. Higher values mean faster heat exchange. It depends on fluid velocity, properties, and surface conditions.

Common Units: W/m²·K, BTU/hr·ft²·°F, kcal/hr·m²·°C

Example: Still air: 5-25 W/m²·K. Forced air convection: 25-250 W/m²·K. Water convection: 50-10,000 W/m²·K. Boiling water can reach 5,000-50,000 W/m²·K.

BTU (British Thermal Unit)

BTU is a traditional energy unit widely used in HVAC, heating, and cooling. One BTU is defined as the energy needed to heat one pound of water by 1°F. Despite its name, it's primarily used in the United States.

Common Units: BTU, therm (100,000 BTU), MMBTU (million BTU), kWh

Example: A furnace rated at 80,000 BTU/hr can heat a typical home. 1 kWh = 3,412 BTU. Natural gas is often priced per therm. Your stove burner outputs about 7,000-12,000 BTU/hr.

SEER/EER Rating

SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) and EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) measure air conditioner and heat pump efficiency—cooling output divided by electrical input. Higher numbers mean lower electricity bills. SEER accounts for varying temperatures; EER is at fixed conditions.

Common Units: SEER, EER, COP (Coefficient of Performance), HSPF

Example: Minimum SEER in US: 14-15 depending on region. High-efficiency units: 20-25+ SEER. To compare: SEER ≈ EER × 1.12. COP of 3 means 3 kW cooling per 1 kW electricity.

HVAC Tons

A 'ton' of cooling equals 12,000 BTU/hr—historically the cooling power of melting one ton of ice in 24 hours. It's the standard unit for air conditioner and chiller capacity in North America. Not to be confused with weight tons.

Common Units: Ton (of refrigeration), BTU/hr, kW (thermal), TR

Example: A 3-ton AC provides 36,000 BTU/hr of cooling—suitable for a 1,500-2,000 sq ft home. Rule of thumb: 1 ton per 400-600 sq ft depending on climate and insulation.

CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute)

CFM measures volumetric airflow—how much air moves through a duct, fan, or HVAC system per minute. Proper CFM ensures adequate ventilation, heating, and cooling distribution throughout a building.

Common Units: CFM (ft³/min), m³/hr, L/s, m³/min

Example: Bathroom exhaust fan: 50-100 CFM. Range hood: 100-400 CFM. Central AC: 400 CFM per ton of cooling. Typical home needs 1 CFM per square foot for ventilation.

Related Categories

About This Thermal & HVAC Unit Converters

What Is This Tool?

This Thermal & HVAC Unit Converter is a free, specialized tool for converting heat transfer, thermodynamics, and HVAC-related units. Whether you're sizing air conditioners, calculating insulation requirements, analyzing heat transfer, or comparing equipment efficiency ratings, this tool provides instant, accurate conversions with no registration required.

Why Use This Converter?

HVAC and thermal calculations are essential for building comfort, energy efficiency, and equipment sizing. Different regions and manufacturers use different unit systems (metric vs. imperial, BTU vs. kW). Our converter bridges these gaps, helping HVAC technicians, engineers, building managers, and homeowners make accurate calculations for heating, cooling, and insulation projects.

How It Works

Select the thermal property you need to convert (BTU, thermal conductivity, SEER rating, etc.), enter your value, choose your units, and get instant results. Our converters use industry-standard formulas and conversion factors used by HVAC professionals worldwide.

Common Use Cases

HVAC sizing: Convert cooling capacity between tons, BTU/h, and kilowatts
Air conditioner comparison: Convert SEER, EER, and COP efficiency ratings
Ductwork design: Convert airflow between CFM, m³/h, and L/s
Insulation analysis: Convert thermal resistance and R-values
Heat transfer calculations: Convert heat flux and heat transfer coefficients
Energy calculations: Convert between BTU, joules, and kWh for heating/cooling costs
Building science: Calculate thermal conductivity for wall and roof assemblies
Equipment specifications: Convert between metric and imperial thermal units

⚠️ Disclaimer

This thermal unit converter is provided for informational and educational purposes only. While we use industry-standard conversion factors, HVAC system sizing and thermal calculations should be performed by qualified professionals. Always consult local codes and manufacturer specifications for equipment installation.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I convert HVAC tons to BTU/h?

1 ton = 12,000 BTU/h = 3.517 kW.

What is CFM?

CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute) measures airflow for ductwork and HVAC sizing.

Is this HVAC converter free?

Yes! 100% free with no registration required.

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Electrical Unit Converters

Use this 100% free tool to convert electrical units including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, conductance, and more. Essential for electricians, electronics engineers, hobbyists, and students—no sign-up required.

Voltage Converter

Convert between volts, millivolts, kilovolts, megavolts for electrical potential.

Current Converter

Convert between amperes, milliamps, microamps, kiloamps for electric current.

Resistance Converter

Convert between ohms, kilohms, megohms for electrical resistance.

Charge Converter

Convert between coulombs, ampere-hours, milliampere-hours for electric charge.

Capacitance Converter

Convert between farads, microfarads, picofarads for capacitance.

Inductance Converter

Convert between henrys, millihenrys, microhenrys for inductance.

Electric Field Converter

Convert electric field strength units (V/m, N/C) for electromagnetic calculations.

Conductance Converter

Convert electrical conductance units (siemens, mho).

Conductivity Converter

Convert electrical conductivity units (S/m, mS/cm).

Resistivity Converter

Convert electrical resistivity units (Ω·m, Ω·cm).

Charge Density Converter

Convert charge density units for electromagnetic calculations.

Current Density Converter

Convert current density units (A/m², A/cm²).

How to Use This Converter

Select the type of conversion you need from the tabs above
Enter your value in the input field
Choose your source unit from the dropdown
Select the target unit you want to convert to
The result appears instantly - no button click needed!

Common Conversions

volts to millivolts
amperes to milliamps
ohms to kilohms
farads to microfarads
henrys to millihenrys
ampere-hours to mAh
kilovolts to volts
megohms to ohms

Understanding Each Unit Type

Voltage

Voltage (electric potential difference) is the 'pressure' that pushes electric current through a circuit. It measures the energy per unit charge available to move electrons. Higher voltage means more force pushing electrons through conductors and components.

Common Units: Volt (V), millivolt (mV), microvolt (μV), kilovolt (kV), megavolt (MV)

Example: US household outlets: 120V. European outlets: 230V. Car battery: 12V. AA battery: 1.5V. USB power: 5V. Power lines: 110-765 kV. Lightning: ~300 million volts.

Current

Electric current is the flow rate of electric charge through a conductor—how many electrons pass a point per second. Current is measured in amperes (amps). One ampere equals one coulomb of charge flowing per second.

Common Units: Ampere (A), milliampere (mA), microampere (μA), kiloampere (kA)

Example: LED indicator: 20 mA. Smartphone charging: 1-3A. Microwave oven: 10-15A. Electric car charging: 30-200A. Lightning bolt: ~20,000A briefly.

Resistance

Electrical resistance opposes the flow of electric current. It's measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm's Law relates voltage, current, and resistance: V = I × R. Higher resistance means less current flows for a given voltage.

Common Units: Ohm (Ω), milliohm (mΩ), kilohm (kΩ), megohm (MΩ), gigaohm (GΩ)

Example: LED current-limiting resistor: 220-470Ω. Volume potentiometer: 10-100 kΩ. Insulation resistance: >1 MΩ. Human body: 1,000-100,000Ω depending on conditions.

Electric Charge

Electric charge is the fundamental property of matter that causes electromagnetic forces. Current is the flow of charge over time. Charge is measured in coulombs, but for batteries, ampere-hours (Ah) are more practical—they tell you how long a battery can supply current.

Common Units: Coulomb (C), ampere-hour (Ah), milliampere-hour (mAh), ampere-second (As)

Example: Phone battery: 3,000-5,000 mAh. Laptop battery: 50-100 Wh (divide by voltage for Ah). Car battery: 40-100 Ah. AA battery: ~2,500 mAh.

Capacitance

Capacitance measures a capacitor's ability to store electric charge. Capacitors store energy in an electric field between two plates. Larger capacitance stores more charge at a given voltage. The farad is a very large unit, so microfarads and picofarads are common.

Common Units: Farad (F), millifarad (mF), microfarad (μF), nanofarad (nF), picofarad (pF)

Example: Ceramic capacitor: 10 pF - 100 nF. Electrolytic capacitor: 1 μF - 10,000 μF. Supercapacitor: 1-3000 F. Smartphone smoothing caps: 10-100 μF.

Inductance

Inductance measures an inductor's opposition to changes in current. Inductors store energy in a magnetic field created by current flow. They resist sudden current changes, useful for filtering, energy storage, and transformers.

Common Units: Henry (H), millihenry (mH), microhenry (μH), nanohenry (nH)

Example: RF coil: 1-100 nH. Power supply inductor: 10-1000 μH. Audio crossover inductor: 0.1-10 mH. Large transformer: 1-100 H.

Electric Field

Electric field strength describes the force per unit charge exerted on a test charge at a point in space. It represents the 'intensity' of the electric influence. Strong fields can cause insulation breakdown and sparking.

Common Units: Volt per meter (V/m), newton per coulomb (N/C), kilovolt per millimeter (kV/mm)

Example: Air breaks down (sparks) at about 3 MV/m or 3 kV/mm. Inside a capacitor: 1-100 kV/mm. Near power lines: 1-10 kV/m.

Conductance

Electrical conductance is the inverse of resistance—it measures how easily current flows. Higher conductance means current flows more easily. The unit siemens (S) equals 1/ohm. The older name 'mho' (ohm spelled backward) is sometimes still used.

Common Units: Siemens (S), millisiemens (mS), microsiemens (μS), mho

Example: A 100Ω resistor has 10 mS conductance. A 1 kΩ resistor has 1 mS. Superconductors have infinite conductance (zero resistance).

Conductivity

Electrical conductivity is a material property describing how well it conducts electricity, independent of the conductor's dimensions. It's conductance per unit length per unit area. Metals have high conductivity; insulators have very low conductivity.

Common Units: Siemens per meter (S/m), millisiemens per centimeter (mS/cm), %IACS

Example: Copper: 59.6 MS/m (100% IACS - International Annealed Copper Standard). Silver: 63 MS/m (106% IACS). Seawater: ~5 S/m. Pure water: 0.05 μS/cm.

Resistivity

Electrical resistivity is a material property describing how strongly it resists current flow, independent of dimensions. It's the inverse of conductivity. Lower resistivity means better conductor. Used to calculate resistance from wire dimensions.

Common Units: Ohm-meter (Ω·m), ohm-centimeter (Ω·cm), microhm-centimeter (μΩ·cm)

Example: Copper: 1.68 μΩ·cm. Silver: 1.59 μΩ·cm (best conductor). Aluminum: 2.65 μΩ·cm. Glass: 10¹⁰-10¹⁴ Ω·cm (insulator). Rubber: 10¹³ Ω·cm.

Charge Density

Surface charge density measures electric charge per unit area on a surface. Volume charge density measures charge per unit volume. Important in capacitor design, semiconductor physics, and electrostatics.

Common Units: Coulomb per square meter (C/m²), microcoulomb per square centimeter (μC/cm²)

Example: Capacitor plates develop charge density proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to plate separation. Static electricity can create significant surface charge densities.

Current Density

Current density measures current flow per unit cross-sectional area of a conductor. It determines heating effects and is critical for wire sizing. Exceeding safe current density causes overheating and potential fire hazards.

Common Units: Ampere per square meter (A/m²), ampere per square millimeter (A/mm²)

Example: Safe current density for copper wire: 4-6 A/mm². High-current busbars: 2-3 A/mm². Exceeding limits causes excessive heating and insulation damage.

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About This Electrical Unit Converters

What Is This Tool?

This Electrical Unit Converter is a 100% free, comprehensive online tool for converting all types of electrical units. From basic voltage and current conversions to advanced capacitance, inductance, conductivity, and field strength calculations, this tool provides instant, accurate results for 12 different electrical unit categories—all with no registration, no limits, and no hidden fees.

Why Use This Converter?

Electrical calculations require precise unit conversions across vast ranges—from picofarads to farads, microamps to kiloamps. Whether you're designing circuits, troubleshooting equipment, selecting components, studying electronics, or working on DIY projects, our converter eliminates manual calculations and potential errors. Essential for electricians, engineers, technicians, students, and hobbyists.

How It Works

Select the electrical property you need to convert (voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, etc.), enter your value, choose your source and target units, and get instant results. All calculations use internationally standardized SI unit relationships and are performed in your browser—we don't store any of your data.

Common Use Cases

Circuit design: Convert component values for capacitors, resistors, and inductors
Battery specifications: Convert mAh to Ah for comparing battery capacities
Electronics repair: Verify voltage, current, and resistance measurements
Component selection: Convert between unit prefixes (pico, nano, micro, milli, kilo, mega)
Electrical wiring: Calculate proper wire sizing based on current and voltage
Arduino/Raspberry Pi/ESP32 projects: Convert sensor readings and component values
Power systems: Calculate current density and conductivity for conductors
Education: Physics, electronics homework, lab exercises, and exam preparation

⚠️ Disclaimer

This electrical unit converter is provided for informational and educational purposes only. Electrical work can be dangerous—always follow proper safety procedures and local electrical codes. For electrical installations and repairs, consult a licensed electrician. Verify critical calculations independently.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Ohm's Law and how do I use it?

Ohm's Law states V = I × R (Voltage = Current × Resistance). To find current: I = V/R. To find resistance: R = V/I. For example, a 12V supply with 100Ω resistance gives 0.12A (120 mA) current.

How do I convert mAh to Ah for batteries?

Divide mAh by 1000. For example, 3000 mAh = 3 Ah. A 3000 mAh battery can theoretically supply 3A for 1 hour, or 1A for 3 hours, or 300 mA for 10 hours.

How do I convert microfarads to picofarads?

Multiply μF by 1,000,000. So 1 μF = 1,000,000 pF. Or 0.1 μF = 100,000 pF = 100 nF. This is essential when reading capacitor codes on circuit boards.

What's the difference between resistance and resistivity?

Resistance (Ω) is a property of a specific component. Resistivity (Ω·m) is a material property. A long thin wire has more resistance than a short thick wire of the same material, but both have the same resistivity.

What is conductance and how does it relate to resistance?

Conductance (siemens) is the reciprocal of resistance: G = 1/R. A 100Ω resistor has 0.01 S (10 mS) conductance. Higher conductance = lower resistance = easier current flow.

Why are there so many unit prefixes in electronics?

Electrical quantities span enormous ranges—from picofarads (10⁻¹² F) to farads, microamps to kiloamps. SI prefixes (pico, nano, micro, milli, kilo, mega, giga) make these values manageable. Our converter handles all standard prefixes.

How do I choose the right wire size (AWG)?

Wire size depends on current and length. Higher current needs thicker wire (lower AWG number). Common: 14 AWG for 15A circuits, 12 AWG for 20A, 10 AWG for 30A. Longer runs need thicker wire to prevent voltage drop.

Is this electrical converter free to use?

Yes! This converter is 100% free with no registration, no limits, and no hidden fees. Use it for professional work, education, DIY projects, or any electrical calculations.

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Magnetism Unit Converters

Use this 100% free tool to convert magnetic units including magnetic flux (Weber, Maxwell), flux density (Tesla, Gauss), magnetic field strength (A/m, Oersted), and magnetomotive force (Ampere-turn, Gilbert). Essential for physics, electrical engineering, MRI technology, and electromagnetics—no sign-up required.

Magnetomotive Force Converter

Convert magnetomotive force units (At, Gb) for magnetic circuits.

Magnetic Field Converter

Convert magnetic field strength units (A/m, Oe) for magnetism analysis.

Magnetic Flux Converter

Convert magnetic flux units (Wb, Mx, μWb) for electromagnetic calculations.

Flux Density Converter

Convert magnetic flux density units (T, G, mT) for magnetic field strength.

How to Use This Converter

Select the type of conversion you need from the tabs above
Enter your value in the input field
Choose your source unit from the dropdown
Select the target unit you want to convert to
The result appears instantly - no button click needed!

Common Conversions

Tesla to Gauss
Weber to Maxwell
A/m to Oersted
Ampere-turn to Gilbert
millitesla to Gauss
microweber to Maxwell

Understanding Each Unit Type

Magnetomotive Force (MMF)

Magnetomotive force is the driving force that produces magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit—analogous to voltage (EMF) in an electrical circuit. It depends on the current flowing through a coil and the number of turns in that coil. MMF = current × number of turns. Just as voltage pushes current through resistance, MMF pushes magnetic flux through reluctance.

Common Units: Ampere-turn (At), Gilbert (Gb), kiloampere-turn (kAt)

Example: A coil with 100 turns carrying 2 amperes produces 200 ampere-turns of MMF. 1 ampere-turn = 1.257 gilberts. Electromagnets and transformers are designed around MMF calculations.

Magnetic Field Strength (H-field)

Magnetic field strength (also called magnetizing force or H-field) describes the intensity of a magnetic field independent of the material it's in. It represents the 'effort' applied to magnetize a material. Unlike flux density (B), field strength (H) doesn't depend on the material's magnetic properties.

Common Units: Ampere per meter (A/m), Oersted (Oe), kiloampere per meter (kA/m)

Example: Earth's magnetic field strength is about 25-65 A/m depending on location. 1 Oersted = 79.577 A/m. Inside a solenoid, H = (current × turns) / length. H-field is used to characterize how strongly we're trying to magnetize something.

Magnetic Flux (Φ)

Magnetic flux measures the total amount of magnetic field passing through a surface—like counting the total number of magnetic field lines through an area. It's the 'quantity' of magnetism flowing through a cross-section. Faraday's law states that changing magnetic flux induces voltage, which is the basis for generators and transformers.

Common Units: Weber (Wb), Maxwell (Mx), milliweber (mWb), microweber (μWb)

Example: 1 Weber = 100,000,000 Maxwell (10⁸ Mx). A typical small transformer might have flux of a few milliwebers. Changing flux of 1 Wb per second induces 1 volt. This principle powers all electric generators.

Magnetic Flux Density (B-field)

Magnetic flux density (also called B-field or magnetic induction) measures the concentration or strength of a magnetic field per unit area. It tells you how strong the magnetic field is at a specific point. B = Φ/A (flux divided by area). This is what you measure with a gaussmeter or magnetometer.

Common Units: Tesla (T), Gauss (G), millitesla (mT), microtesla (μT)

Example: 1 Tesla = 10,000 Gauss. MRI machines: 1.5T or 3T. Earth's field: ~25-65 μT (0.25-0.65 G). Refrigerator magnet: ~5 mT (50 G). Neodymium magnet surface: 1-1.4 T. Junkyard electromagnet: ~1 T.

Related Categories

About This Magnetism Unit Converters

What Is This Tool?

This Magnetism Unit Converter is a 100% free, specialized online tool for converting magnetic units used in physics, electrical engineering, medical imaging (MRI), and electromagnetics. Convert seamlessly between SI units (Tesla, Weber, A/m) and CGS units (Gauss, Maxwell, Oersted) with instant, accurate results—no registration, no limits, and no hidden fees.

Why Use This Converter?

Magnetic calculations use two different unit systems that can cause confusion. SI (International System) uses Tesla, Weber, and A/m, while CGS (centimeter-gram-second) uses Gauss, Maxwell, and Oersted. Scientific literature, equipment specifications, and industries worldwide mix these systems. Our converter bridges this gap, helping engineers, physicists, MRI technicians, students, and researchers work seamlessly across both systems.

How It Works

Select the magnetic property you need to convert (magnetomotive force, field strength, flux, or flux density), enter your value, choose your source and target units, and get instant results. All conversions use internationally standardized electromagnetic relationships and are performed in your browser—we don't store any of your data.

Common Use Cases

MRI and medical imaging: Convert Tesla to Gauss for magnetic field specifications
Electric motor design: Convert magnetic flux and field strength for motor calculations
Transformer engineering: Calculate magnetomotive force for core saturation analysis
Materials science: Analyze and compare magnetic properties of materials
Physics research: Convert between SI and CGS unit systems for publications
Audio equipment: Analyze speaker and headphone magnet specifications
Permanent magnet selection: Compare neodymium, ferrite, and other magnet strengths
Education: Physics coursework, laboratory exercises, and exam preparation

⚠️ Disclaimer

This magnetism unit converter is provided for informational and educational purposes only. For critical applications involving magnetic fields (medical MRI devices, industrial equipment, safety systems), always verify calculations with appropriate standards and qualified professionals.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I convert Tesla to Gauss?

Multiply Tesla by 10,000 to get Gauss. For example: 1 T = 10,000 G, 0.5 T = 5,000 G, 1 mT = 10 G. Tesla is the SI unit used in scientific contexts; Gauss is the CGS unit still common in industry.

What's the difference between magnetic flux and flux density?

Flux (Weber) is the TOTAL magnetic field through an area—like total water flow. Flux density (Tesla) is flux PER UNIT AREA—like flow rate per square meter. Flux = Flux Density × Area. A larger area with lower density can have the same total flux as a smaller area with higher density.

How do I convert Weber to Maxwell?

Multiply Weber by 100,000,000 (10⁸). So 1 Wb = 10⁸ Mx. For smaller values: 1 μWb = 100 Mx. Weber is the SI unit; Maxwell is the older CGS unit sometimes still used in magnetics literature.

What is the difference between A/m and Oersted?

Both measure magnetic field strength (H-field). A/m is the SI unit; Oersted is the CGS unit. 1 Oersted = 79.577 A/m, or 1 A/m = 0.01257 Oe. Use our converter for instant accurate conversions.

What magnetic field strength do MRI machines use?

Clinical MRI machines typically use 1.5 Tesla or 3 Tesla (15,000 or 30,000 Gauss). Research MRIs can reach 7T or higher. For comparison, Earth's field is only about 50 μT (0.5 Gauss)—MRI fields are 30,000-60,000 times stronger!

How is magnetomotive force related to current?

MMF (in ampere-turns) = Current (amps) × Number of turns. A coil with 500 turns carrying 0.5A produces the same 250 At as a coil with 250 turns carrying 1A. More turns OR more current = stronger magnetic field.

Why are there two unit systems for magnetism?

The CGS system (Gauss, Maxwell, Oersted, Gilbert) developed in the 1800s. The SI system (Tesla, Weber, A/m, Ampere-turn) is the modern international standard. Industries like audio and some US manufacturers still use CGS; scientific publications use SI.

Is this magnetism converter free to use?

Yes! This converter is 100% free with no registration, no limits, and no hidden fees. Use it for professional engineering, physics research, education, MRI technology, or any application requiring magnetic unit conversions.

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Radiology Unit Converters

Use this 100% free tool to convert radiation and radiology units including radioactivity (Becquerel, Curie), radiation exposure (Roentgen), absorbed dose (Gray, rad), and equivalent dose (Sievert, rem). Essential for nuclear medicine, radiation therapy, health physics, and radiation safety—no sign-up required.

Radiation Activity Converter

Convert radioactivity units (Bq, Ci, Rd) for nuclear physics and medicine.

Radiation Exposure Converter

Convert radiation exposure units (R, C/kg) for dosimetry.

Absorbed Dose Converter

Convert absorbed dose units (Gy, rad) for radiation therapy and safety.

Equivalent Dose Converter

Convert equivalent dose units (Sv, rem) for biological radiation effects.

How to Use This Converter

Select the type of conversion you need from the tabs above
Enter your value in the input field
Choose your source unit from the dropdown
Select the target unit you want to convert to
The result appears instantly - no button click needed!

Common Conversions

Becquerel to Curie
Gray to rad
Sievert to rem
Roentgen to C/kg
millisievert to millirem
kilobecquerel to microcurie
centigray to rad

Understanding Each Unit Type

Radiation Activity (Radioactivity)

Radioactivity measures the rate at which unstable atomic nuclei decay and emit radiation—essentially how many atoms are disintegrating per second. Higher activity means more radiation is being emitted. Activity decreases over time according to each isotope's half-life. This is different from dose—a high-activity source far away may give less dose than a low-activity source nearby.

Common Units: Becquerel (Bq) = 1 decay/second, Curie (Ci) = 37 billion Bq, millicurie (mCi), microcurie (μCi), kilobecquerel (kBq), megabecquerel (MBq), gigabecquerel (GBq)

Example: Smoke detector: ~1 μCi (37 kBq) of Am-241. Thyroid therapy: 100-150 mCi (3.7-5.5 GBq) of I-131. PET scan injection: 10-15 mCi (370-555 MBq) of F-18. Chernobyl release: ~14 EBq (14 × 10^18 Bq).

Radiation Exposure

Radiation exposure measures the ionization that X-rays or gamma rays produce in air. It quantifies how much the radiation field ionizes air molecules—an indirect measure of radiation intensity in the environment. Exposure is only defined for photon radiation (X-rays, gamma rays) in air, not for other radiation types or in tissue.

Common Units: Roentgen (R), milliroentgen (mR), coulomb per kilogram (C/kg)

Example: Natural background: ~0.01 mR/hr. Chest X-ray: ~10-20 mR. Dental X-ray: ~1-5 mR. CT scan: 1-10 R to the scanned area. 1 R = 2.58 × 10^-4 C/kg. Lethal exposure (whole body): ~400-500 R.

Absorbed Dose

Absorbed dose measures the energy actually deposited by radiation per unit mass of tissue or material. Unlike exposure (which only applies to air), absorbed dose applies to any material and any type of radiation. It tells you how much radiation energy your body or an object actually absorbed. This is the fundamental physical quantity in dosimetry.

Common Units: Gray (Gy) = 1 joule/kg, rad = 0.01 Gy, centigray (cGy) = 0.01 Gy = 1 rad, milligray (mGy)

Example: Chest X-ray: ~0.1 mGy. CT scan: 10-30 mGy. Radiation therapy fraction: 1.8-2 Gy (180-200 rad) per treatment. Lethal whole-body dose: 4-5 Gy (400-500 rad). Total cancer treatment: 50-70 Gy over many fractions.

Equivalent Dose

Equivalent dose accounts for the biological effectiveness of different radiation types. Alpha particles, neutrons, and other heavy particles cause more biological damage per unit of absorbed dose than X-rays or gamma rays. Equivalent dose = absorbed dose × radiation weighting factor. This gives a common scale for comparing biological risk from different radiation types.

Common Units: Sievert (Sv), millisievert (mSv), microsievert (μSv), rem = 0.01 Sv, millirem (mrem)

Example: Natural background: 2-3 mSv/year (200-300 mrem/year). Chest X-ray: 0.1 mSv. CT scan: 5-15 mSv. Public annual limit: 1 mSv. Occupational annual limit: 50 mSv (5 rem). Radiation weighting factors: gamma/X-ray = 1, alpha = 20, neutrons = 5-20.

Related Categories

About This Radiology Unit Converters

What Is This Tool?

This Radiology Unit Converter is a 100% free, specialized online tool for converting radiation and radioactivity units used in nuclear physics, medical imaging, radiation therapy, health physics, and radiation safety. Convert seamlessly between SI units (Becquerel, Gray, Sievert) and traditional units (Curie, rad, rem) with instant, accurate results—no registration, no limits, and no hidden fees.

Why Use This Converter?

Radiation measurements use different unit systems that can be confusing and potentially dangerous if misinterpreted. The US often uses traditional units (Curie, rad, rem) while international standards use SI units (Becquerel, Gray, Sievert). Medical professionals, radiation safety officers, nuclear engineers, radiologic technologists, and researchers need accurate conversions for patient safety, regulatory compliance, and proper dose calculations.

How It Works

Select the radiation property you need to convert (activity, exposure, absorbed dose, or equivalent dose), enter your value, choose your source and target units, and get instant results. All conversions use internationally standardized factors from ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection) and health physics standards.

Common Use Cases

Radiation therapy: Convert absorbed dose units (Gray to rad, cGy) for treatment planning
Nuclear medicine: Convert radioactivity (Becquerel to Curie) for radiopharmaceutical dosing
Radiation safety: Convert equivalent dose (Sievert to rem) for exposure monitoring and limits
Dosimetry: Convert radiation exposure (Roentgen to C/kg) for personnel monitoring
Nuclear engineering: Calculate and convert radioactive source activities
Medical imaging: Understand and convert dose units for X-ray, CT, PET, and nuclear scans
Research laboratories: Convert between SI and CGS radiation units for publications
Regulatory compliance: Convert units to meet NRC, OSHA, or international reporting requirements

⚠️ Disclaimer

This radiology unit converter is provided for informational and educational purposes only. Radiation safety is critical—always consult qualified health physics professionals and medical physicists for dose calculations in medical, industrial, or research settings. This tool does not replace proper radiation safety training, certification, or professional judgment.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I convert Becquerel to Curie?

Divide Becquerel by 37 billion (3.7 × 10^10). 1 Ci = 37 GBq = 37,000 MBq. For practical conversions: 1 mCi = 37 MBq, 1 μCi = 37 kBq. The Curie was originally defined as the activity of 1 gram of Ra-226.

How do I convert Gray to rad?

Multiply Gray by 100 to get rad. 1 Gy = 100 rad = 100 cGy. So 2 Gy = 200 rad, and 50 mGy = 5 rad. Radiation therapy often uses cGy (centigray) which equals rad: 1 cGy = 1 rad.

How do I convert Sievert to rem?

Multiply Sievert by 100 to get rem. 1 Sv = 100 rem. For smaller doses: 1 mSv = 100 mrem = 0.1 rem. Dose limits are often in mSv (international) or mrem (US): 1 mSv = 100 mrem.

What is the difference between absorbed dose and equivalent dose?

Absorbed dose (Gray, rad) measures physical energy deposited. Equivalent dose (Sievert, rem) accounts for biological effect. For X-rays and gamma rays, they are numerically equal. For alpha particles, equivalent dose = 20 × absorbed dose because alphas cause 20× more biological damage.

What is a safe radiation dose?

There is no threshold below which radiation is proven completely safe (linear no-threshold model). Regulatory limits aim to minimize risk: public limit is 1 mSv/year above background, occupational limit is 50 mSv/year. Natural background averages 2-3 mSv/year. ALARA principle: keep doses As Low As Reasonably Achievable.

What does the Roentgen measure?

Roentgen (R) measures radiation exposure—ionization in air caused by X-rays or gamma rays. It is only defined for photons in air. 1 R produces 2.58 × 10^-4 coulombs of charge per kg of air. It is largely replaced by absorbed dose (Gray) in modern practice.

Why do different countries use different radiation units?

The older CGS system (Curie, rad, rem, Roentgen) developed in the early 1900s. The SI system (Becquerel, Gray, Sievert) was adopted internationally in 1975-1985. The US still commonly uses traditional units in medicine and regulation, while most other countries use SI units.

Is this radiology converter free to use?

Yes! This converter is 100% free with no registration, no limits, and no hidden fees. Use it for education, radiation safety reference, and professional calculations—but always verify critical medical and safety calculations with qualified health physics professionals.

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Fluids Unit Converters

Convert fluid dynamics units including flow rate, viscosity, surface tension, concentration, and permeability. Essential for chemical engineering, HVAC, and fluid mechanics applications.

Flow Rate Converter

Convert volumetric flow rate units (L/min, GPM, m³/s) for fluid dynamics.

Mass Flow Converter

Convert mass flow rate units (kg/s, lb/hr) for process engineering.

Molar Flow Converter

Convert molar flow rate units (mol/s, kmol/hr) for chemical engineering.

Mass Flux Converter

Convert mass flux density units for heat and mass transfer calculations.

Molar Concentration Converter

Convert molar concentration units (mol/L, M) for chemistry.

Dynamic Viscosity Converter

Convert dynamic viscosity units (Pa·s, cP, poise) for fluid mechanics.

Kinematic Viscosity Converter

Convert kinematic viscosity units (m²/s, cSt, stokes) for fluid analysis.

Surface Tension Converter

Convert surface tension units (N/m, dyn/cm, mN/m) for fluid interfaces.

Permeability Converter

Convert permeability units (darcy, m²) for porous media flow.

CFM Converter

Convert CFM (cubic feet per minute) to other airflow units for HVAC.

How to Use This Converter

Select the type of conversion you need from the tabs above
Enter your value in the input field
Choose your source unit from the dropdown
Select the target unit you want to convert to
The result appears instantly - no button click needed!

Common Conversions

GPM to liters/minute
CFM to cubic meters/hour
centipoise to pascal-second
centistokes to m²/s
mol/L to mmol/L

Understanding Each Unit Type

Flow Rate (Volumetric)

Volumetric flow rate quantifies how much volume of a fluid (liquid or gas) passes through a given cross-sectional area per unit of time. This fundamental measurement is essential for designing and sizing pipes, pumps, ducts, and ventilation systems. Engineers use volumetric flow to ensure adequate supply, prevent pressure drops, and optimize system efficiency. The measurement assumes consistent fluid density, making it ideal for incompressible liquids and gases at stable conditions.

Common Units: GPM (gallons per minute), L/min (liters per minute), m³/s (cubic meters per second), CFM (cubic feet per minute)

Example: A typical household faucet delivers 2 GPM (7.6 L/min); a fire hydrant supplies 1000+ GPM; industrial cooling pumps may move 500-5000 GPM; a small creek flows around 10,000 GPM.

Mass Flow Rate

Mass flow rate measures the actual mass of fluid passing a point per unit time, regardless of volume changes. Unlike volumetric flow, mass flow remains constant even when fluids compress, expand, or change density due to temperature or pressure variations. This makes it essential for steam systems, combustion calculations, and any process where mass balance and conservation of mass are critical for accurate engineering analysis.

Common Units: kg/s (kilograms per second), lb/hr (pounds per hour), g/min (grams per minute), ton/hr (metric tons per hour)

Example: A large steam boiler produces 10,000-50,000 lb/hr of steam; automotive fuel injectors deliver 10-30 mg per injection; industrial air compressors move 50-500 kg/hr of air; natural gas pipelines transport millions of kg/hr.

Molar Flow Rate

Molar flow rate measures the number of moles of a substance flowing per unit time. Since chemical reactions occur on a molecular basis (mole-to-mole ratios), this measurement is fundamental for chemical reactor design, stoichiometric calculations, and process control. It allows engineers to calculate reaction yields, determine reagent requirements, and size equipment based on the actual number of molecules participating in reactions.

Common Units: mol/s (moles per second), kmol/hr (kilomoles per hour), lb-mol/hr (pound-moles per hour)

Example: A chemical reactor processing ammonia synthesis may require 1000+ kmol/hr of nitrogen and hydrogen; pharmaceutical batch reactors work with 0.1-10 kmol per batch; fuel cells operate at mmol/s rates.

Mass Flux Density

Mass flux density (also called mass flux or superficial mass velocity) measures the mass flow rate per unit cross-sectional area. This intensive property is crucial for heat exchanger design, cooling tower analysis, distillation column sizing, and any process where the rate of mass transfer per unit area determines performance. Higher mass flux typically means more efficient heat and mass transfer but also higher pressure drops.

Common Units: kg/m²·s (kilograms per square meter per second), lb/ft²·hr (pounds per square foot per hour)

Example: Cooling tower mass flux typically ranges 1-4 kg/m²·s; packed bed reactors operate at 0.5-3 kg/m²·s; fluidized beds may reach 10+ kg/m²·s at the transition point.

Molar Concentration

Molar concentration (molarity) expresses the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution. This fundamental chemistry unit enables precise preparation of solutions, calculation of reaction rates, and comparison of solution strengths across different substances. Unlike mass concentration, molarity directly relates to the number of molecules present, making it essential for stoichiometric calculations and understanding chemical equilibria.

Common Units: mol/L or M (molar), mmol/L (millimolar), μmol/L (micromolar), mol/m³

Example: Seawater contains ~0.5 M NaCl; normal blood glucose is 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL); laboratory acids are often 1-12 M; trace metal analysis works in μmol/L range; stomach acid is about 0.1 M HCl.

Dynamic Viscosity

Dynamic viscosity (also called absolute viscosity) quantifies a fluid's internal resistance to flow when an external force is applied. It measures the shear stress required to maintain a velocity gradient within the fluid. High-viscosity fluids like honey resist flow and require more energy to pump, while low-viscosity fluids like water flow easily. Temperature significantly affects viscosity—most liquids become less viscous when heated.

Common Units: Pa·s (pascal-seconds), cP (centipoise), poise (P), mPa·s (millipascal-seconds)

Example: Water: 1 cP at 20°C (0.3 cP at 100°C); honey: 2,000-10,000 cP; motor oil SAE 30: 150-200 cP at 40°C; ketchup: 50,000-100,000 cP; glass at room temperature: 10²³ cP.

Kinematic Viscosity

Kinematic viscosity equals dynamic viscosity divided by fluid density, representing how quickly momentum diffuses through a fluid. This property appears naturally in the Reynolds number and Navier-Stokes equations that govern fluid flow behavior. Kinematic viscosity determines whether flow will be laminar or turbulent and is the standard specification for lubricating oils. It's measured directly with gravity-driven capillary viscometers.

Common Units: m²/s (square meters per second), cSt (centistokes), St (stokes), mm²/s

Example: Water: 1 cSt at 20°C; motor oil SAE 30: ~100 cSt at 40°C; ISO VG 68 hydraulic oil: 68 cSt at 40°C; lubricating oils range 2-1000 cSt; air: ~15 cSt at 20°C; glycerin: ~1200 cSt.

Surface Tension

Surface tension is the cohesive force at a liquid's surface that causes it to behave like an elastic membrane and minimize its surface area. This phenomenon explains why water forms droplets, allows insects to walk on water, drives capillary action in plants and wicks, and affects how liquids wet or bead on surfaces. Surfactants (soaps, detergents) work by reducing surface tension, enabling better spreading and cleaning.

Common Units: N/m (newtons per meter), mN/m (millinewtons per meter), dyn/cm (dynes per centimeter)

Example: Pure water: 72 mN/m at 25°C (decreases with temperature); soap solution: ~25 mN/m; mercury: 485 mN/m (high cohesion); ethanol: 22 mN/m; molten metals: 500-2000 mN/m; surfactant solutions: as low as 20 mN/m.

Permeability

Permeability quantifies how easily fluids flow through porous materials like rock, soil, concrete, or filters. It's a property of the material itself (not the fluid) and determines extraction rates in oil/gas reservoirs, groundwater flow in aquifers, and filtration performance. Higher permeability means fluids pass through more easily. The Darcy equation relates permeability to flow rate, pressure drop, fluid viscosity, and cross-sectional area.

Common Units: darcy (D), millidarcy (mD), m² (square meters), cm²

Example: Excellent oil reservoir: 100-1000 mD; average reservoir: 10-100 mD; tight gas formations: 0.001-0.1 mD; gravel: 10⁵-10⁶ mD; sandstone: 1-1000 mD; shale: 0.00001-0.001 mD; concrete: 0.1-10 mD.

CFM (Airflow)

CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute) is the standard volumetric airflow measurement in HVAC, ventilation, and pneumatic systems, particularly in the United States. It quantifies how much air volume moves through a system per minute, essential for sizing fans, ductwork, air conditioners, and ventilation systems. Proper airflow ensures adequate fresh air supply, temperature control, humidity management, and air quality in buildings and industrial processes.

Common Units: CFM (cubic feet per minute), m³/h (cubic meters per hour), L/s (liters per second), SCFM (standard CFM at standard conditions)

Example: Bathroom exhaust fan: 50-100 CFM; kitchen range hood: 200-600 CFM; window AC unit: 150-400 CFM; central AC: 400 CFM per ton of cooling; server room: 100-200 CFM per rack; clean room: 300-600 air changes per hour.

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About This Fluids Unit Converters

What Is This Tool?

This Fluids Unit Converter is a free, comprehensive tool for converting fluid dynamics and chemical engineering units. Convert flow rates, viscosity, surface tension, concentration, and permeability—essential for HVAC, chemical engineering, and industrial applications.

Why Use This Converter?

Fluid calculations span multiple industries using different unit systems. HVAC uses CFM and GPM, chemical engineering uses SI units, and oil/gas uses oilfield units. Our converter bridges these gaps for engineers, technicians, and scientists working with fluids.

How It Works

Select the fluid property you need to convert, enter your value, choose your units, and get instant results. All conversions use standard engineering formulas and internationally recognized conversion factors.

Common Use Cases

HVAC design: Convert airflow (CFM to m³/h) and water flow (GPM to L/min)
Chemical engineering: Convert molar flow and concentration for reactor design
Oil and gas: Convert permeability units for reservoir analysis
Pump sizing: Convert flow rates for proper pump selection
Lubrication: Convert viscosity (cP to Pa·s) for oil selection
Process engineering: Calculate mass and molar flow rates
Water treatment: Convert concentration units for chemical dosing
Research: Convert between laboratory and industrial units

⚠️ Disclaimer

This fluids unit converter is provided for informational and educational purposes only. For critical engineering applications, verify calculations with appropriate standards. Fluid properties may vary with temperature and pressure.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I convert GPM to liters per minute?

Multiply GPM by 3.785. For example, 10 GPM = 37.85 L/min. Our Flow Rate converter handles this and many other flow unit conversions instantly.

What is the difference between dynamic and kinematic viscosity?

Dynamic viscosity (μ) measures resistance to shear; kinematic viscosity (ν) = μ/ρ (dynamic divided by density). Kinematic viscosity is used in Reynolds number and fluid flow calculations.

How do I convert centipoise to pascal-seconds?

Divide by 1000. 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s. Centipoise is convenient because water at 20°C is about 1 cP, making it easy to compare fluids.

What is a darcy used for?

Darcy measures rock permeability in oil and gas reservoirs. 1 darcy allows 1 cm³/s of 1 cP fluid through 1 cm² at 1 atm/cm pressure gradient. Most reservoirs are measured in millidarcys.

How do I convert CFM to cubic meters per hour?

Multiply CFM by 1.699. For example, 100 CFM = 169.9 m³/h. This conversion is essential for HVAC work with international equipment.

Is this fluids converter free to use?

Yes! This converter is 100% free with no registration. Use it for HVAC, chemical engineering, plumbing, or any fluid dynamics application.

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Fuel Economy Converters

Convert fuel economy and efficiency units including MPG, L/100km, km/L, and fuel efficiency by mass. Essential for comparing vehicle fuel consumption across different measurement systems.

Fuel Economy Converter

Convert fuel economy units (MPG, L/100km, km/L) for vehicle efficiency comparison.

Fuel Efficiency (Mass) Converter

Convert fuel efficiency by mass (miles/kg, km/kg) for alternative fuels.

Fuel Efficiency (Volume) Converter

Convert fuel efficiency by volume for detailed consumption analysis.

How to Use This Converter

Select the type of conversion you need from the tabs above
Enter your value in the input field
Choose your source unit from the dropdown
Select the target unit you want to convert to
The result appears instantly - no button click needed!

Common Conversions

MPG to L/100km
km/L to MPG
L/100km to MPG UK
miles/kg to km/kg

Understanding Each Unit Type

Fuel Economy (MPG)

Miles per gallon measures distance traveled per unit of fuel. Used in the US and UK (with different gallon sizes). Higher MPG = better efficiency.

Common Units: MPG (US), MPG (UK/Imperial)

Example: Compact car: 30-40 MPG; SUV: 20-25 MPG; hybrid: 45-55 MPG; US gallon ≠ UK gallon.

Fuel Economy (L/100km)

Liters per 100 kilometers measures fuel consumed per distance. Standard in Europe, Australia, Canada. Lower = better efficiency.

Common Units: L/100km, L/100mi

Example: Efficient car: 5-7 L/100km; average car: 8-10 L/100km; truck: 12-15 L/100km.

Fuel Efficiency (km/L)

Kilometers per liter measures distance per unit fuel. Used in some Asian and Latin American countries. Higher = better.

Common Units: km/L, mi/L

Example: Efficient car: 15-20 km/L; average car: 10-14 km/L; equivalent to 35-47 MPG.

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About This Fuel Economy Converters

What Is This Tool?

This Fuel Economy Converter is a free tool for converting fuel efficiency units. Compare vehicle fuel consumption across different measurement systems—MPG, L/100km, km/L—essential for car buyers and travelers.

Why Use This Converter?

Fuel economy is measured differently worldwide. The US uses MPG (miles per gallon), Europe uses L/100km (liters per 100 kilometers), and some countries use km/L. Our converter helps compare vehicles and understand fuel costs across systems.

How It Works

Select the fuel economy format, enter your value, choose your units, and get instant results. Our converter handles the inverse relationship between MPG (higher = better) and L/100km (lower = better).

Common Use Cases

Car shopping: Compare fuel economy ratings from US and European cars
Travel planning: Estimate fuel costs when renting cars abroad
Fleet management: Standardize fuel efficiency across international fleets
Electric vehicles: Compare energy efficiency to gasoline equivalents
Alternative fuels: Convert efficiency for hydrogen, natural gas vehicles
Cost analysis: Calculate fuel expenses in different unit systems
Vehicle comparison: Compare imported vs domestic car specifications
Environmental analysis: Understand emissions in different metrics

⚠️ Disclaimer

This fuel economy converter is provided for informational purposes only. Actual fuel economy varies with driving conditions, vehicle maintenance, and driving style. EPA and manufacturer ratings may differ from real-world results.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I convert MPG to L/100km?

Divide 235.21 by your MPG value. For example, 30 MPG = 235.21 ÷ 30 = 7.84 L/100km. Note: this uses US gallons. For UK MPG, divide 282.48 instead.

What's the difference between US and UK MPG?

UK (Imperial) gallons are larger than US gallons. 1 UK gallon = 1.2 US gallons. So 30 UK MPG = 25 US MPG. Always check which gallon is being used.

Is higher or lower L/100km better?

Lower is better for L/100km (less fuel consumed). This is opposite to MPG where higher is better. A car using 6 L/100km is more efficient than one using 10 L/100km.

How do I compare US and European car fuel ratings?

European cars use L/100km; US uses MPG. Use our converter to compare. Example: A European car rated 5.5 L/100km = 42.8 MPG (US). Watch for test cycle differences too (WLTP vs EPA).

What about electric vehicle efficiency?

EVs use kWh/100km or MPGe (miles per gallon equivalent). 1 gallon of gasoline ≈ 33.7 kWh of electricity. An EV using 15 kWh/100km ≈ 225 MPGe.

Is this fuel converter free to use?

Yes! This converter is 100% free with no registration. Use it to compare vehicles, plan travel, or understand international fuel economy ratings.

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Light & Sound Converters

Convert light and sound units including lumens, lux, candela, luminance, image resolution, frequency-wavelength, and decibels. Essential for photography, display technology, acoustics, and audio.

Lumen Converter

Convert luminous flux units (lm) for measuring total light output from light sources.

Lux Converter

Convert illuminance units (lux, foot-candles) for light intensity on surfaces.

Candela Converter

Convert luminous intensity units (cd, candlepower) for light source brightness.

Luminance Converter

Convert luminance units (cd/m², nit, foot-lambert) for display brightness.

Sound (dB) Converter

Convert sound level units (dB, dBA, phon) for acoustics and audio engineering.

Frequency-Wavelength Converter

Convert between frequency and wavelength for electromagnetic waves and light.

Image Resolution Converter

Convert image resolution units (DPI, PPI, pixels/cm) for digital imaging and printing.

How to Use This Converter

Select the type of conversion you need from the tabs above
Enter your value in the input field
Choose your source unit from the dropdown
Select the target unit you want to convert to
The result appears instantly - no button click needed!

Common Conversions

lux to foot-candles
cd/m² to nits
DPI to PPI
frequency to wavelength
dB to dBA

Understanding Each Unit Type

Lumen (Luminous Flux)

Lumens measure total visible light output from a source—the 'brightness' of a light bulb regardless of direction.

Common Units: Lumen (lm)

Example: 60W incandescent: ~800 lm; 100W equivalent LED: ~1600 lm; smartphone flash: ~50 lm.

Lux (Illuminance)

Lux measures light intensity falling on a surface—lumens per square meter. Determines how well-lit an area is.

Common Units: Lux (lx), foot-candle (fc)

Example: Office lighting: 300-500 lux; direct sunlight: 100,000 lux; full moon: 0.1 lux.

Candela (Luminous Intensity)

Candela measures light intensity in a specific direction—how bright a light source appears from a particular angle.

Common Units: Candela (cd), candlepower

Example: A candle: ~1 cd; car headlight: 20,000-100,000 cd; lighthouse: millions of cd.

Luminance

Luminance measures brightness of a surface as seen by the eye—light emitted or reflected per unit area per solid angle.

Common Units: cd/m² (nit), foot-lambert

Example: Typical monitor: 250-400 nits; HDR display: 1000+ nits; paper in office light: ~100 cd/m².

Sound Level (Decibels)

Decibels measure sound intensity on a logarithmic scale. Every 10 dB increase sounds about twice as loud.

Common Units: dB, dBA (A-weighted)

Example: Whisper: 30 dB; conversation: 60 dB; concert: 110 dB; jet engine: 140 dB.

Frequency-Wavelength

Frequency and wavelength are inversely related for electromagnetic waves: c = frequency × wavelength.

Common Units: Hz, kHz, MHz, GHz; nm, μm, m

Example: Red light: 700 nm = 428 THz; WiFi: 2.4 GHz = 12.5 cm wavelength.

Image Resolution

Image resolution describes pixel density—more pixels per unit length means sharper, more detailed images.

Common Units: DPI, PPI, pixels/cm

Example: Screen: 72-300 PPI; print: 300 DPI standard; high-quality print: 600+ DPI.

Related Categories

About This Light & Sound Converters

What Is This Tool?

This Light & Sound Converter is a free, specialized tool for converting photometric, radiometric, and acoustic units. Convert lumens, lux, candela, decibels, image resolution, and wavelength—essential for photography, display technology, audio engineering, and physics.

Why Use This Converter?

Light and sound measurements use specialized units that can be confusing. Photographers need to understand lux and lumens; display engineers work with nits and candela; audio professionals use decibels. Our converter simplifies these conversions for professionals and enthusiasts.

How It Works

Select the property you need to convert (illuminance, luminance, sound level, etc.), enter your value, choose your units, and get instant results. All conversions use standard physics formulas and internationally recognized factors.

Common Use Cases

Photography: Convert lux to foot-candles for exposure calculations
Display technology: Convert cd/m² to nits for screen brightness specs
Lighting design: Convert lumens to understand total light output
Audio engineering: Work with decibel measurements and conversions
Printing: Convert DPI/PPI for proper image resolution
Physics: Convert between frequency and wavelength for EM spectrum
Cinematography: Understand light levels for proper exposure
Home theater: Calculate display brightness and audio levels

⚠️ Disclaimer

This light and sound converter is provided for informational and educational purposes only. Light and sound measurements can be affected by environmental conditions. Professional applications should use calibrated instruments.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between lumens and lux?

Lumens measure total light output from a source. Lux measures light intensity at a surface (lumens per m²). A 1000 lumen bulb produces 1000 lux on a 1 m² surface directly below it, but less lux at greater distances.

How do I convert lux to foot-candles?

Divide lux by 10.764. For example, 500 lux = 46.5 foot-candles. Foot-candles are used in the US; lux is the SI unit used internationally.

What is a nit in display technology?

A nit equals 1 cd/m² (candela per square meter). It measures screen brightness. Standard monitors: 250-400 nits; HDR displays: 1000+ nits; outdoor displays: 2000+ nits for sun visibility.

How do decibels work?

Decibels use a logarithmic scale. +3 dB = double intensity; +10 dB sounds about twice as loud. 0 dB is the threshold of hearing; 120+ dB can cause pain/damage.

What's the difference between DPI and PPI?

PPI (pixels per inch) describes screen resolution. DPI (dots per inch) describes print resolution. For digital images, they're often used interchangeably. 300 DPI/PPI is standard for quality printing.

Is this light and sound converter free to use?

Yes! This converter is 100% free with no registration. Use it for photography, audio work, display technology, physics, or any application involving light and sound measurements.

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Mechanical Engineering Converters

Convert mechanical engineering units including stress, strain, Young's modulus, hardness, and concrete volume. Essential for materials science, structural engineering, and construction.

Stress Converter

Convert stress units (Pa, MPa, psi, ksi) for mechanical engineering and materials science. Stress measures force per unit area applied to a material, determining if it will deform or fail under load.

Common conversions: MPa to psi, ksi to MPa, Pa to bar, GPa to psi

Example: Structural steel yield stress: ~250 MPa (36 ksi); aluminum: ~270 MPa.

Strain Converter

Convert strain units (dimensionless, %, microstrain) for deformation analysis. Strain measures deformation as a ratio of length change to original length.

Common units: Dimensionless, %, microstrain (με)

Example: Steel yields at about 0.2% strain (2000 microstrain); rubber can stretch 500%+.

Young's Modulus Converter

Convert elastic modulus units (GPa, psi) for material stiffness comparison. Young's modulus measures material stiffness—the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region.

Common units: GPa, MPa, psi, Mpsi

Example: Steel: 200 GPa (29 Mpsi); aluminum: 70 GPa; rubber: 0.01-0.1 GPa.

Hardness Converter

Convert hardness units (HRC, HRB, HV, HB) for material testing and comparison. Hardness measures resistance to indentation using different indenters and loads.

Common units: HRC (Rockwell C), HRB (Rockwell B), HV (Vickers), HB (Brinell)

Example: File: 60 HRC; knife blade: 55-60 HRC; soft steel: 80-100 HRB.

Concrete Volume Converter

Convert concrete volume units (cubic yards, cubic meters) for construction projects. Concrete is ordered and measured by volume, making these conversions essential for builders.

Common units: Cubic yard (yd³), cubic meter (m³), cubic foot (ft³)

Example: A typical sidewalk slab (4" × 3' × 20') needs about 0.74 cubic yards of concrete.

Tile Coverage Calculator

Calculate tile coverage for flooring projects. Convert between area and tile count, accounting for waste factor.

Common units: Square feet (ft²), square meters (m²), tile count

Example: A 12×12" tile covers 1 ft²; a 100 ft² room needs ~110 tiles (10% waste factor).

Paint Coverage Calculator

Calculate paint coverage for walls and surfaces. Convert between area and paint volume needed based on surface texture.

Common units: Square feet/gallon, square meters/liter

Example: Typical latex paint: 350-400 ft²/gallon; textured walls: 250-300 ft²/gallon.

Wire Gauge (AWG) Converter

Convert American Wire Gauge (AWG) to diameter and cross-sectional area for electrical work. Lower AWG = thicker wire = more current capacity.

Common units: AWG number, mm diameter, mm² area

Example: 14 AWG (1.63 mm) for 15A circuits; 10 AWG (2.59 mm) for 30A; 4/0 AWG for 200A service.

How to Use This Converter

Select the type of conversion you need from the tabs above
Enter your value in the input field
Choose your source unit from the dropdown
Select the target unit you want to convert to
The result appears instantly - no button click needed!

Common Conversions

MPa to psi
GPa to Mpsi
Rockwell C (HRC) to Vickers (HV)
cubic meters to cubic yards
square feet to tiles needed
area to paint gallons
AWG to mm diameter
ksi to MPa
HRB to HRC

About This Mechanical Engineering Converter

What Is This Tool?

This Mechanical Engineering Converter is a free, comprehensive tool for converting materials science and construction units. Convert stress, strain, Young's modulus, hardness scales, concrete volume, and more—essential for engineers, contractors, and material scientists.

Why Use This Converter?

Mechanical engineering uses both SI and imperial units across different industries and countries. Material specifications often come in various hardness scales or stress units. Our converter helps engineers and contractors work seamlessly with specifications from any source.

How It Works

Select the property you need to convert, enter your value, choose your units, and get instant results. Our converters use standard engineering formulas and material science relationships for accurate conversions.

Use Cases

Structural analysis: Convert stress between MPa and psi for material specifications
Materials testing: Convert between hardness scales (Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell)
Construction: Calculate concrete volume in yards and meters
Flooring: Estimate tile quantities for installation projects
Painting: Calculate paint volume needed for wall coverage
Electrical work: Convert wire gauge (AWG) to diameter for conductor sizing
Manufacturing: Compare material stiffness (Young's modulus) across sources
Quality control: Convert material property specifications between unit systems

Understanding Each Unit Type

Stress

Stress is force per unit area applied to a material. It determines if a material will deform or fail under load.

Common Units: Pascal (Pa), MPa, psi, ksi

Example: Structural steel yield stress: ~250 MPa (36 ksi); aluminum: ~270 MPa.

Strain

Strain measures deformation as a ratio of length change to original length. It's dimensionless but expressed in various ways.

Common Units: Dimensionless, %, microstrain (με)

Example: Steel yields at about 0.2% strain (2000 microstrain); rubber can stretch 500%+.

Young's Modulus

Young's modulus (elastic modulus) measures material stiffness—the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region.

Common Units: GPa, MPa, psi, Mpsi

Example: Steel: 200 GPa (29 Mpsi); aluminum: 70 GPa; rubber: 0.01-0.1 GPa.

Hardness

Hardness measures resistance to indentation. Different scales use different indenters and loads.

Common Units: HRC, HRB, HV (Vickers), HB (Brinell)

Example: File: 60 HRC; knife blade: 55-60 HRC; soft steel: 80-100 HRB.

Concrete Volume

Concrete is ordered and measured by volume. Converting between yards and meters is essential for construction.

Common Units: Cubic yard, cubic meter, cubic foot

Example: A typical sidewalk slab (4" × 3' × 20') needs about 0.74 cubic yards of concrete.

Tile Coverage

Tile coverage helps calculate how many tiles are needed for a given floor or wall area, accounting for waste.

Common Units: Square feet, square meters, tile count

Example: A 12×12" tile covers 1 ft²; a 100 ft² room needs ~110 tiles (10% waste factor).

Paint Coverage

Paint coverage indicates how much area a gallon or liter of paint will cover, depending on surface texture.

Common Units: Square feet/gallon, square meters/liter

Example: Typical latex paint: 350-400 ft²/gallon; textured walls: 250-300 ft²/gallon.

Wire Gauge (AWG)

American Wire Gauge is a standardized system for wire diameter. Lower AWG = thicker wire = more current capacity.

Common Units: AWG number, mm diameter, mm² area

Example: 14 AWG (1.63 mm) for 15A circuits; 10 AWG (2.59 mm) for 30A; 4/0 AWG for 200A service.

Related Categories

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I convert MPa to psi?

Multiply MPa by 145.038. For example, 100 MPa = 14,504 psi. Our Stress converter handles this automatically. MPa is standard in most countries; psi is common in the US.

How do I convert between hardness scales?

Hardness scale conversions are approximate because different tests measure different properties. Our converter uses ASTM E140 tables for Rockwell, Vickers, and Brinell conversions. Results are approximate—use the same scale for comparisons when possible.

What's the difference between HRC and HRB?

HRC (Rockwell C) uses a diamond cone for hard materials (>20 HRC). HRB (Rockwell B) uses a ball for softer materials. They can't be directly converted—the scales overlap around 20 HRC / 100 HRB.

How do I calculate concrete needed?

Measure length × width × depth in the same units, then convert to cubic yards or meters. For a 4" thick, 10' × 10' slab: 10 × 10 × 0.33 = 33.3 ft³ = 1.23 cubic yards. Add 10% for waste.

What AWG wire size do I need?

Wire size depends on amperage and length. Common: 14 AWG for 15A, 12 AWG for 20A, 10 AWG for 30A circuits. Longer runs need thicker wire to prevent voltage drop. Always follow electrical codes.

Is this mechanical converter free to use?

Yes! This converter is 100% free with no registration. Use it for engineering calculations, construction estimates, and material specifications.

Disclaimer

This mechanical engineering converter is provided for informational and educational purposes only. For structural and safety-critical applications, always verify calculations with appropriate engineering standards and qualified professionals.

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Math & Science Converters

Convert mathematical and scientific units including SI prefixes, number systems (binary, hex), percentages, typography, data transfer rates, astronomical distances, and gravitational fields.

Percentage Converter

Calculate and convert percentages, fractions, and decimals for math applications. Percentages express proportions as parts per hundred.

Common units: Percent (%), decimal, fraction

Example: 25% = 0.25 = 1/4; a 20% discount on $50 = $10 off = $40 final price.

Ratio Converter

Convert and simplify ratios for mathematical and recipe calculations. Ratios compare quantities and can be expressed as fractions, decimals, or with colons.

Common units: A:B, fraction, decimal

Example: A 3:1 ratio means 3 parts to 1 part; a 16:9 aspect ratio for widescreen displays.

Number Systems Converter

Convert between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems for programming. Computers use binary (base-2) and hexadecimal (base-16); humans prefer decimal (base-10).

Common units: Binary (base-2), octal (base-8), decimal (base-10), hex (base-16)

Example: Decimal 255 = binary 11111111 = hex FF = octal 377.

SI Prefixes Converter

Convert SI prefixes (kilo, mega, giga, milli, micro, nano) for scientific notation. SI prefixes scale units by powers of 10 or 1000.

Common units: pico (10⁻¹²), nano, micro, milli, kilo, mega, giga, tera

Example: 1 kilometer = 1000 meters; 1 millisecond = 0.001 seconds; 1 gigabyte = 10⁹ bytes.

Scientific Notation Converter

Convert between standard, scientific, and engineering notation formats. Scientific notation expresses very large or small numbers as a coefficient times a power of 10.

Common units: Standard form (1.23 × 10⁴), engineering notation, decimal

Example: Speed of light: 3 × 10⁸ m/s; electron mass: 9.1 × 10⁻³¹ kg.

Astronomical Distance Converter

Convert astronomical distances (light-years, parsecs, AU) for space science. Space distances are so vast that special units are needed.

Common units: Light-year (ly), parsec (pc), astronomical unit (AU)

Example: Earth-Sun: 1 AU; nearest star: 4.24 ly; Milky Way diameter: ~100,000 ly.

Gravitational Field Converter

Convert gravitational field strength units (m/s², g, Gal) for physics. Gravitational field strength measures the force per unit mass at a location.

Common units: m/s², g (standard gravity), Gal

Example: Earth surface: 9.81 m/s² = 1g; Moon: 1.62 m/s² = 0.165g.

Data Transfer Rate Converter

Convert data transfer rate units (Mbps, Gbps, MB/s) for networking and internet. Data rates measure how fast information moves through a network.

Common units: bps, Mbps, Gbps, MB/s, GB/s

Example: Gigabit internet: 1 Gbps = 125 MB/s; USB 3.0: 5 Gbps; WiFi 6: up to 9.6 Gbps.

Typography Converter

Convert typography units (points, picas, pixels, em, rem) for design and web. Typography units measure text and layout in print and digital design.

Common units: Point (pt), pica, pixel (px), em, rem

Example: Body text: 10-12 pt; 1 inch = 72 points = 6 picas; 16px is common web base font.

Color Code Converter

Convert color codes between HEX, RGB, HSL, and decimal formats for web design. Colors are represented in different formats for print, screen, and web applications.

Common units: HEX (#RRGGBB), RGB (r,g,b), HSL (h,s%,l%)

Example: Red: #FF0000 = RGB(255,0,0) = HSL(0,100%,50%).

Paper Size Converter

Reference and compare paper sizes (A4, Letter, Legal, Tabloid) for printing. Paper sizes vary by region with A-series (international) and Letter/Legal (North America) being most common.

Common units: A4, Letter, Legal, Tabloid, A3

Example: A4: 210 × 297 mm; Letter: 8.5 × 11 in (216 × 279 mm).

How to Use This Converter

Select the type of conversion you need from the tabs above
Enter your value in the input field
Choose your source unit or format from the dropdown
Select the target unit you want to convert to
The result appears instantly - no button click needed!

Common Conversions

binary to decimal
hex to decimal
Mbps to MB/s
light-years to parsecs
points to pixels
HEX to RGB
A4 vs Letter size
decimal to binary
RGB to HEX

About This Math & Science Converter

What Is This Tool?

This Math & Science Converter is a free, comprehensive tool for converting mathematical, scientific, and computing units. Convert number systems, SI prefixes, data rates, astronomical distances, typography units, and more—essential for students, programmers, and scientists.

Why Use This Converter?

Math and science work involves many different unit systems and number formats. Programmers convert between binary and hex; scientists use SI prefixes; designers work with typography units. Our converter provides instant, accurate conversions for all these applications.

How It Works

Select the category you need, enter your value, choose your units or formats, and get instant results. Our converters use standard mathematical formulas and internationally recognized conversion factors.

Use Cases

Programming: Convert between binary, decimal, hex, and octal
Data science: Convert SI prefixes (kilo, mega, giga, tera)
Network engineering: Convert data transfer rates (Mbps to MB/s)
Astronomy: Convert light-years, parsecs, and astronomical units
Web design: Convert typography units (points, pixels, em, rem)
Graphics: Convert color codes between HEX, RGB, and HSL
Printing: Compare paper sizes (A4, Letter, Legal)
Physics: Convert gravitational field strength and scientific notation

Understanding Each Unit Type

Percentage

Percentages express proportions as parts per hundred. Converting between fractions, decimals, and percentages is fundamental math.

Common Units: Percent (%), decimal, fraction

Example: 25% = 0.25 = 1/4; a 20% discount on $50 = $10 off = $40 final price.

Ratio

Ratios compare quantities. They can be expressed as fractions, decimals, or with colons (A:B format).

Common Units: A:B, fraction, decimal

Example: A 3:1 ratio means 3 parts to 1 part; a 16:9 aspect ratio for widescreen displays.

Number Systems

Different bases for representing numbers. Computers use binary (base-2) and hexadecimal (base-16); humans prefer decimal (base-10).

Common Units: Binary (base-2), octal (base-8), decimal (base-10), hex (base-16)

Example: Decimal 255 = binary 11111111 = hex FF = octal 377.

SI Prefixes

SI prefixes scale units by powers of 10 or 1000. They standardize notation from atomic to astronomical scales.

Common Units: pico (10⁻¹²), nano, micro, milli, kilo, mega, giga, tera

Example: 1 kilometer = 1000 meters; 1 millisecond = 0.001 seconds; 1 gigabyte = 10⁹ bytes.

Scientific Notation

Scientific notation expresses very large or small numbers as a coefficient times a power of 10.

Common Units: Standard form (1.23 × 10⁴), engineering notation, decimal

Example: Speed of light: 3 × 10⁸ m/s; electron mass: 9.1 × 10⁻³¹ kg.

Astronomical Distance

Space distances are so vast that special units are needed. Light-years measure distance by how far light travels in a year.

Common Units: Light-year (ly), parsec (pc), astronomical unit (AU)

Example: Earth-Sun: 1 AU; nearest star: 4.24 ly; Milky Way diameter: ~100,000 ly.

Gravitational Field

Gravitational field strength measures the force per unit mass at a location. It determines how much objects accelerate.

Common Units: m/s², g (standard gravity), Gal

Example: Earth surface: 9.81 m/s² = 1g; Moon: 1.62 m/s² = 0.165g.

Data Transfer Rate

Data rates measure how fast information moves through a network or storage system.

Common Units: bps, Mbps, Gbps, MB/s, GB/s

Example: Gigabit internet: 1 Gbps = 125 MB/s; USB 3.0: 5 Gbps; WiFi 6: up to 9.6 Gbps.

Typography

Typography units measure text and layout in print and digital design. Points are traditional; pixels are digital.

Common Units: Point (pt), pica, pixel (px), em, rem

Example: Body text: 10-12 pt; 1 inch = 72 points = 6 picas; 16px is common web base font.

Color Code

Colors are represented in different formats for print, screen, and web applications.

Common Units: HEX (#RRGGBB), RGB (r,g,b), HSL (h,s%,l%)

Example: Red: #FF0000 = RGB(255,0,0) = HSL(0,100%,50%).

Paper Size

Paper sizes vary by region. A-series (international) and Letter/Legal (North America) are most common.

Common Units: A4, Letter, Legal, Tabloid, A3

Example: A4: 210 × 297 mm; Letter: 8.5 × 11 in (216 × 279 mm).

Related Categories

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I convert binary to decimal?

Each binary digit represents a power of 2 from right to left. Binary 1010 = 1×8 + 0×4 + 1×2 + 0×1 = 10 decimal. Our converter handles this automatically for any binary number.

What's the difference between Mbps and MB/s?

Mbps = megabits per second; MB/s = megabytes per second. 8 bits = 1 byte, so 100 Mbps = 12.5 MB/s. Internet speeds are usually in Mbps; download speeds in MB/s.

How do I convert hex to RGB?

HEX colors have two digits each for red, green, blue. #FF5733 = FF (255 red), 57 (87 green), 33 (51 blue) = RGB(255, 87, 51). Our Color Code converter does this instantly.

What's the difference between a light-year and a parsec?

A light-year is the distance light travels in one year (~9.46 trillion km). A parsec is based on parallax measurement (~3.26 light-years). Astronomers use parsecs; popular science uses light-years.

How do I convert points to pixels?

The conversion depends on screen resolution, but at 96 DPI (standard Windows): 1 pt ≈ 1.33 px. At 72 DPI (traditional Mac): 1 pt = 1 px. Web design typically assumes 1pt = 1.33px.

Is this math and science converter free to use?

Yes! This converter is 100% free with no registration. Use it for programming, science, design, or any application requiring mathematical conversions.

Disclaimer

This math and science converter is provided for informational and educational purposes only. While we use standard mathematical formulas, always verify critical calculations independently.

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Medical Unit Converters

Convert medical units including blood glucose, cholesterol, and medication concentrations. Essential for healthcare professionals, patients monitoring health metrics, and pharmacology calculations.

Blood Glucose Converter

Convert blood glucose units (mg/dL to mmol/L) for diabetes monitoring and testing. Blood glucose measures the concentration of glucose in blood and is critical for diabetes diagnosis and management.

Common units: mg/dL (US), mmol/L (international)

Example: Normal fasting: 70-100 mg/dL (3.9-5.6 mmol/L); diabetic: ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L).

Cholesterol Converter

Convert cholesterol units between mg/dL and mmol/L for lipid panel results. Different countries use different units for reporting cholesterol levels in blood tests.

Common units: mg/dL (US), mmol/L (international)

Example: Desirable total cholesterol: <200 mg/dL (<5.2 mmol/L); LDL target varies by risk.

Medical Concentration Converter

Convert drug and solution concentrations between mg/mL, μg/mL, g/L, and percent w/v. Essential for medication dosing, IV preparation, and laboratory work.

Common units: mg/mL, μg/mL, g/L, %w/v

Example: A 1% solution = 10 mg/mL = 10,000 μg/mL.

Creatinine Converter

Convert creatinine units between mg/dL and μmol/L for kidney function tests. Creatinine is a waste product filtered by kidneys—blood levels help assess renal function.

Common units: mg/dL (US), μmol/L (international)

Example: Normal: 0.7-1.3 mg/dL (62-115 μmol/L) for men; 0.6-1.1 mg/dL (53-97 μmol/L) for women.

HbA1c Converter

Convert HbA1c units between NGSP/DCCT (%) and IFCC (mmol/mol) for diabetes management. HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) reflects average blood glucose over 2-3 months.

Common units: % (NGSP/DCCT), mmol/mol (IFCC)

Example: Normal: <5.7% (<39 mmol/mol); diabetic target: <7% (<53 mmol/mol) for most adults.

How to Use This Converter

Select the type of medical measurement from the tabs above
Enter your lab result value in the input field
Choose your source unit from the dropdown
Select the target unit you want to convert to
The result appears instantly - no button click needed!

Common Conversions

mg/dL to mmol/L (glucose)
mmol/L to mg/dL (glucose)
mg/dL to mmol/L (cholesterol)
mg/mL to μg/mL
creatinine mg/dL to μmol/L
HbA1c % to mmol/mol
mmol/mol to HbA1c %

About This Medical Unit Converter

What Is This Tool?

This Medical Unit Converter is a free, specialized tool for converting healthcare and laboratory units. Convert blood glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, HbA1c, and medication concentration units instantly—essential for patients, healthcare professionals, and researchers.

Why Use This Converter?

Different countries and laboratories use different unit systems for medical tests. US labs typically use mg/dL while most other countries use mmol/L. Understanding both systems is crucial for interpreting test results, especially when traveling or reviewing international medical literature.

How It Works

Select the medical measurement type, enter your value, choose your units, and get instant results. Our converters use the medically-accepted molecular weights and conversion factors for each substance (glucose: 18 mg/dL per mmol/L; cholesterol: 38.67 mg/dL per mmol/L, etc.).

Use Cases

Diabetes management: Convert blood glucose between mg/dL and mmol/L
HbA1c interpretation: Convert between NGSP (%) and IFCC (mmol/mol) standards
Cholesterol monitoring: Understand lipid panel results in different units
Kidney function: Convert creatinine values for eGFR calculations
Medication dosing: Convert drug concentrations (mg/mL, μg/mL)
International travel: Understand test results from different countries
Medical research: Convert published values to familiar units
Patient education: Help patients understand their lab results

Understanding Each Unit Type

Blood Glucose

Blood glucose (blood sugar) measures the concentration of glucose in blood. Critical for diabetes diagnosis and management.

Common Units: mg/dL (US), mmol/L (international)

Example: Normal fasting: 70-100 mg/dL (3.9-5.6 mmol/L); diabetic: ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L).

Cholesterol

Cholesterol levels measure lipids in blood. Includes total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides for cardiovascular risk assessment.

Common Units: mg/dL (US), mmol/L (international)

Example: Desirable total cholesterol: <200 mg/dL (<5.2 mmol/L); LDL target varies by risk.

Medical Concentration

Drug and solution concentrations measure the amount of substance per volume. Essential for medication dosing and preparation.

Common Units: mg/mL, μg/mL, g/L, %w/v

Example: A 1% solution = 10 mg/mL = 10,000 μg/mL.

Creatinine

Creatinine is a waste product filtered by kidneys. Blood creatinine levels assess kidney function (higher = possible kidney problems).

Common Units: mg/dL (US), μmol/L (international)

Example: Normal: 0.7-1.3 mg/dL (62-115 μmol/L) for men; 0.6-1.1 mg/dL (53-97 μmol/L) for women.

HbA1c

HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) reflects average blood glucose over 2-3 months. Key metric for diabetes control.

Common Units: % (NGSP/DCCT), mmol/mol (IFCC)

Example: Normal: <5.7% (<39 mmol/mol); diabetic target: <7% (<53 mmol/mol) for most adults.

Related Categories

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I convert blood glucose from mg/dL to mmol/L?

Divide mg/dL by 18. For example, 100 mg/dL ÷ 18 = 5.6 mmol/L. Our converter does this automatically—just enter your value and select units.

Why do different countries use different units?

The US uses conventional units (mg/dL) based on weight/volume. Most other countries use SI units (mmol/L) based on molecular concentration. SI units are scientifically preferred but conventional units remain standard in US medicine.

How do I convert HbA1c from % to mmol/mol?

Use the IFCC/NGSP formula: mmol/mol = (HbA1c% - 2.15) × 10.929. For example, 7.0% = (7.0 - 2.15) × 10.929 = 53 mmol/mol. Our converter handles this calculation automatically.

What is the difference between mg/mL and μg/mL?

1 mg/mL = 1000 μg/mL. Micrograms (μg) are used for very concentrated or potent drugs where small amounts matter. Always check units carefully when reading prescriptions or protocols.

Is cholesterol converted the same way as glucose?

No! Each substance has a different molecular weight. Glucose: divide by 18. Cholesterol: divide by 38.67. Triglycerides: divide by 88.5. Our converter uses the correct factor for each substance.

Is this medical converter free to use?

Yes! This converter is 100% free with no registration. Use it to understand your lab results—but always discuss medical test results with your healthcare provider for proper interpretation.

Disclaimer

This medical unit converter is provided for informational and educational purposes only. It is NOT a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult your healthcare provider to interpret medical test results and make healthcare decisions.

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Everyday Converters

Practical everyday converters for cooking, baking, shoe sizes, and ring sizes. Essential for recipes, online shopping, and daily life.

Cooking Volume Converter

Convert cooking measurements (cups, tablespoons, teaspoons, ml) for recipes. Cooking volume measurements vary by region—US uses cups and tablespoons while metric uses milliliters.

Common units: Cup, tablespoon (tbsp), teaspoon (tsp), milliliter (mL), fluid ounce

Example: 1 cup = 16 tbsp = 48 tsp = 237 mL; 1 tbsp = 15 mL.

Cooking Weight Converter

Convert cooking weights (grams, ounces, pounds) for baking and cooking. Weight is more accurate than volume for baking, ensuring precise measurements.

Common units: Gram (g), ounce (oz), pound (lb), kilogram (kg)

Example: 1 oz = 28.35 g; 1 lb = 454 g; 1 cup flour ≈ 125 g.

Shoe Size Converter

Convert shoe sizes between US, UK, EU, and centimeters. Shoe sizing systems differ worldwide—each system has its own scale and doesn't convert linearly.

Common units: US size, UK size, EU size, centimeters (foot length)

Example: US men's 10 ≈ UK 9.5 ≈ EU 44 ≈ 28 cm foot length.

Ring Size Converter

Convert ring sizes between US, UK, EU, and millimeters. Ring sizes vary by country—US uses numbers, UK uses letters, EU uses circumference in mm.

Common units: US size (number), UK size (letter), EU size (mm circumference)

Example: US size 7 ≈ UK size N½ ≈ EU size 54 (54 mm circumference).

How to Use This Converter

Select the type of conversion you need from the tabs above
Enter your value in the input field
Choose your source unit from the dropdown
Select the target unit you want to convert to
The result appears instantly - no button click needed!

Common Conversions

cups to ml
tablespoons to teaspoons
ounces to grams
US to EU shoe size
ring size to mm
UK to US shoe size
grams to ounces
ml to cups

About This Everyday Converter

What Is This Tool?

This Everyday Converter is a free, practical tool for daily life conversions. Convert cooking measurements, shoe sizes, and ring sizes—essential for recipes, online shopping, and jewelry purchases.

Why Use This Converter?

Everyday tasks often require unit conversions. Recipes may use cups when you have a scale; international shopping uses different shoe size systems; jewelry from different countries uses different ring sizing. Our converter makes these daily conversions simple and accurate.

How It Works

Select the conversion type, enter your value, choose your units, and get instant results. Our converters use standard conversion factors and sizing charts from international standards.

Use Cases

Cooking: Convert cups to milliliters, tablespoons to teaspoons
Baking: Convert ounces to grams for precise measurements
Online shopping: Convert shoe sizes between US, UK, and EU systems
Jewelry: Convert ring sizes for international purchases
Recipe scaling: Adjust ingredient amounts for different serving sizes
Travel: Understand foreign clothing and shoe sizes
Gift buying: Find the right shoe or ring size for international products
International recipes: Convert measurements from cookbooks worldwide

Understanding Each Unit Type

Cooking Volume

Cooking volume measurements vary by region. US uses cups and tablespoons; metric uses milliliters. Accurate conversion ensures recipe success.

Common Units: Cup, tablespoon (tbsp), teaspoon (tsp), milliliter (mL), fluid ounce

Example: 1 cup = 16 tbsp = 48 tsp = 237 mL; 1 tbsp = 15 mL.

Cooking Weight

Weight is more accurate than volume for baking. Converting between metric and imperial weight ensures precise measurements.

Common Units: Gram (g), ounce (oz), pound (lb), kilogram (kg)

Example: 1 oz = 28.35 g; 1 lb = 454 g; 1 cup flour ≈ 125 g.

Shoe Size

Shoe sizing systems differ worldwide. US, UK, EU, and Asian sizes don't convert linearly—each has its own scale.

Common Units: US size, UK size, EU size, centimeters (foot length)

Example: US men's 10 ≈ UK 9.5 ≈ EU 44 ≈ 28 cm foot length.

Ring Size

Ring sizes vary by country. US uses numbers; UK uses letters; EU uses circumference in mm. Accurate sizing prevents return hassles.

Common Units: US size (number), UK size (letter), EU size (mm circumference)

Example: US size 7 ≈ UK size N½ ≈ EU size 54 (54 mm circumference).

Related Categories

Frequently Asked Questions

How many tablespoons in a cup?

1 cup = 16 tablespoons = 48 teaspoons. This is standard for US cooking measurements. Use our Cooking Volume converter for instant conversions between any cooking units.

How do I convert ounces to grams?

Multiply ounces by 28.35. For example, 4 oz = 113.4 g. For baking accuracy, weighing ingredients in grams is preferred over volume measurements.

How do I find my shoe size in EU?

EU sizes don't convert directly from US. Generally: US men's + 33 ≈ EU size (US 10 ≈ EU 43). Women's: US + 31 ≈ EU (US 8 ≈ EU 39). Our converter provides accurate conversions.

How do I measure my ring size?

Measure a ring that fits: inner diameter in mm × 3.14 = circumference = EU size. For US size, use our converter. Sizes can vary ½ size depending on finger temperature and time of day.

Are shoe sizes the same for all brands?

No, sizing varies by brand and style. Our converter gives standard sizes, but always check brand-specific sizing guides. Athletic shoes often run differently than dress shoes.

Is this everyday converter free to use?

Yes! This converter is 100% free with no registration. Use it for cooking, shopping, or any everyday conversion needs.

Disclaimer

This everyday converter is provided for general reference. Shoe and ring sizes may vary between brands and manufacturers—always check specific sizing guides when making important purchases.

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Loan Calculator – Monthly Payment, Interest & Amortization

Use this 100% free loan calculator to estimate monthly payments, total interest, and view detailed amortization schedules for any loan type. Compare personal, auto, student, business, SBA, medical, equipment, and land loans with real-time calculations. Ideal for financial planning, debt management, and comparing loan options—no sign-up required.

Personal Loan Calculator

A personal loan is an unsecured loan that can be used for almost any purpose, from debt consolidation to home improvements. Interest rates typically range from 6% to 36% based on credit score and lender. Terms usually range from 2 to 7 years.

Typical Rate: 10% | Typical Term: 5 years

Common uses: personal loan monthly payment, debt consolidation loan, home improvement loan, vacation loan calculator, emergency loan payment

Example Calculation: $10,000 loan at 10% APR for 5 years = $212.47/month | Total Interest: $2,748.23 | Total Payment: $12,748.23

Auto Loan Calculator

An auto loan is a secured loan used to purchase a vehicle, with the car serving as collateral. Auto loans typically have lower interest rates than unsecured personal loans because the lender can repossess the vehicle if you default. Terms usually range from 24 to 84 months.

Typical Rate: 6.5% | Typical Term: 5 years

Common uses: car loan monthly payment, auto financing calculator, vehicle loan interest, car payment estimator, new car loan cost

Example Calculation: $25,000 auto loan at 6.5% APR for 5 years = $489.15/month | Total Interest: $4,349.00 | Total Payment: $29,349.00

Federal Student Loan Calculator

Federal student loans are issued by the U.S. Department of Education with fixed interest rates set by Congress. They offer income-driven repayment plans, deferment options, and potential loan forgiveness programs. Standard repayment is 10 years, but extended plans can go up to 25 years.

Typical Rate: 5.5% | Typical Term: 10 years

Common uses: student loan payment, education loan calculator, loan forgiveness estimate, income-driven repayment, student debt payoff

Small Business Loan Calculator

Small business loans provide capital for established businesses to fund operations, expansion, equipment, inventory, or working capital. Loans range from $5,000 to $5 million with terms from 1-25 years. Rates depend on your business revenue, time in business, and credit profile.

Typical Rate: 9% | Typical Term: 5 years

Common uses: small business loan payment, business financing calculator, commercial loan cost, business capital loan, SMB loan payment

SBA Loan Calculator

SBA loans are partially guaranteed by the Small Business Administration, reducing lender risk and enabling better terms for borrowers. Programs include 7(a) loans for general purposes, 504 loans for real estate and equipment, and Microloans for small amounts. Rates are capped and terms can extend to 25 years.

Typical Rate: 7% | Typical Term: 10 years

Common uses: SBA loan payment, SBA 7a loan calculator, government business loan, SBA guaranteed financing, SBA loan monthly cost

Medical Loan Calculator

Medical loans help finance healthcare expenses not covered by insurance, including elective procedures, dental work, fertility treatments, and unexpected medical bills. These unsecured personal loans typically offer fixed rates and predictable monthly payments with terms from 1-7 years.

Typical Rate: 8% | Typical Term: 5 years

Common uses: medical loan payment, healthcare financing, surgery loan calculator, dental loan cost, medical debt payment

Debt Consolidation Loan Calculator

Debt consolidation loans combine multiple debts into a single loan with one monthly payment. The goal is typically to secure a lower interest rate than your existing debts, simplify payments, and potentially pay off debt faster. These are usually unsecured personal loans with terms of 2-7 years.

Typical Rate: 11% | Typical Term: 5 years

Common uses: consolidation loan payment, credit card payoff loan, debt relief calculator, combined debt payment, single payment loan

Equipment Financing Calculator

Equipment financing allows businesses to purchase or lease machinery, vehicles, technology, and other equipment. The equipment itself serves as collateral, often resulting in lower rates than unsecured loans. Terms typically match the useful life of the equipment, ranging from 1-10 years.

Typical Rate: 7.5% | Typical Term: 5 years

Common uses: equipment loan payment, machinery financing, business equipment cost, technology loan calculator, fleet financing payment

Land Loan Calculator

Land loans finance the purchase of raw, undeveloped land. These loans typically require larger down payments (20-50%) and have higher interest rates than traditional mortgages because land is considered riskier collateral. Terms range from 5-20 years depending on your plans for the property.

Typical Rate: 8% | Typical Term: 15 years

Common uses: land loan monthly payment, raw land financing, lot purchase loan, acreage loan calculator, land investment financing

Home Equity Loan Calculator

A home equity loan (second mortgage) uses your home as collateral to borrow a lump sum at a fixed rate. You can typically borrow up to 80-85% of your home's equity. These loans are often used for home improvements, debt consolidation, or major expenses. Terms range from 5-30 years.

Typical Rate: 7.5% | Typical Term: 15 years

Common uses: home equity payment, second mortgage cost, equity loan calculator, HELOC payment estimate, home improvement loan

How to Use This Calculator

Select Loan Type: Choose from Personal, Auto, Student, Business, SBA, Medical, Debt Consolidation, Equipment, Land, or Home Equity loans.
Enter Loan Amount: Input the total amount you plan to borrow.
Set Interest Rate: Enter the annual interest rate (pre-filled with typical rates for each loan type).
Choose Loan Term: Specify the repayment period in years or months.
Click Calculate: View your monthly payment, total payment, and total interest instantly.
View Amortization: Click "View Amortization Schedule" to see a detailed payment breakdown by month.
Export PDF: Download your loan estimate as a PDF for your records or to share with lenders.

Loan Calculator Features

Monthly payment calculation with principal and interest breakdown
Total interest paid over the life of the loan
Amortization schedule showing payment details by month
Compare different loan terms and interest rates
Export payment schedule to PDF
Support for 10 different loan types
Instant real-time calculations

Understanding Loan Payments

Principal: The original amount borrowed, which decreases with each payment.
Interest: The cost charged by the lender for borrowing money, calculated as a percentage of the remaining balance.
Monthly Payment: The fixed amount paid each month, consisting of both principal and interest portions.
Amortization: The process of paying off a loan through regular payments over time, where early payments are mostly interest and later payments are mostly principal.
Total Interest: The cumulative interest paid over the entire life of the loan.

Factors That Affect Your Loan Payment

Loan Amount: Larger loans mean higher monthly payments and more total interest.
Interest Rate: Even small rate differences significantly impact total cost over time.
Loan Term: Longer terms reduce monthly payments but increase total interest paid.
Credit Score: Higher credit scores typically qualify for lower interest rates.
Loan Type: Secured loans (with collateral) generally have lower rates than unsecured loans.

Frequently Asked Questions

How is monthly loan payment calculated?

Monthly loan payment is calculated using the formula: M = P × [r(1+r)^n] / [(1+r)^n – 1], where P is the principal (loan amount), r is the monthly interest rate (annual rate ÷ 12), and n is the total number of payments. This formula ensures equal monthly payments throughout the loan term while properly accounting for compound interest.

What is an amortization schedule?

An amortization schedule is a detailed table showing every payment over the life of your loan. Each row shows how much of your payment goes toward principal vs. interest, plus your remaining balance. In early payments, most money goes to interest; in later payments, most goes to principal. This schedule helps you understand when you'll reach key payoff milestones.

Should I choose a shorter or longer loan term?

Shorter terms (e.g., 3 years instead of 5) mean higher monthly payments but significantly less total interest paid. Longer terms reduce monthly payments, making them more affordable, but you'll pay more interest overall. Choose based on your budget and financial goals—use this calculator to compare different scenarios.

What's the difference between secured and unsecured loans?

Secured loans (auto, home equity, equipment) use collateral that the lender can repossess if you default, resulting in lower interest rates. Unsecured loans (personal, medical, debt consolidation) don't require collateral but typically have higher rates because they're riskier for lenders. Your credit score significantly impacts rates for both types.

How do I get the best interest rate?

To get the best rates: (1) Improve your credit score before applying, (2) Compare offers from multiple lenders, (3) Consider secured loans if possible, (4) Choose shorter loan terms, (5) Make a larger down payment, (6) Apply with a co-signer if your credit is limited, (7) Look for lender promotions or relationship discounts.

Can I pay off my loan early?

Most loans allow early payoff, but some have prepayment penalties—check your loan agreement. Paying extra toward principal reduces total interest and shortens your loan term. Even small extra payments can save significant money over time. Use the amortization schedule to see how extra payments affect your payoff timeline.

What credit score do I need for a loan?

Credit requirements vary by loan type and lender. Generally: Excellent (750+) qualifies for the best rates; Good (670-749) qualifies for competitive rates; Fair (580-669) may qualify with higher rates; Poor (below 580) may need secured loans, co-signers, or specialized lenders. Federal student loans don't require credit checks.

Is this loan calculator free to use?

Yes! This loan calculator is 100% free with no sign-up, no fees, and no limits. Calculate as many loan scenarios as you need, view detailed amortization schedules, compare different loan types, and export PDF estimates—all at no cost. The tool is designed for educational and financial planning purposes.

Disclaimer

This loan calculator is for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute financial, legal, or lending advice. Results are estimates based on the inputs provided and may differ from actual lender calculations. Interest rates, fees, and terms vary by lender, credit profile, and market conditions. Always consult a qualified financial advisor or lender for official loan terms and approval requirements.

Use Free Loan Calculator

Mortgage Calculator | Monthly Payment, PMI, Escrow & Amortization Tool

Free mortgage calculator to estimate monthly payments, escrow, PMI, APR, and amortization schedules. Compare FHA, VA, USDA, jumbo, ARM, and fixed-rate loans. This 100% free tool helps you estimate your monthly home loan payments and understand the true cost of homeownership—no sign-up required.

Conventional Mortgage Calculator

Standard loans not backed by government agencies, typically requiring 3-20% down payment. Conventional mortgages offer competitive rates for borrowers with good credit and can avoid PMI with 20% down.

Common calculations: mortgage amount to monthly payment, interest rate to total interest, loan term to total cost, principal to amortization, down payment to loan amount

Example Calculation: $350,000 mortgage at 6.5% APR for 30 years = $2,212.24/month (P&I) | Total Interest: $446,406 | Total Payment: $796,406

FHA Mortgage Calculator

Federal Housing Administration loans with lower down payments (3.5%) and easier qualification for first-time buyers. FHA loans include upfront and annual mortgage insurance premiums (MIP).

Common calculations: FHA loan amount to monthly payment, FHA down payment to minimum requirement, FHA mortgage insurance to monthly cost, FHA interest rate to total cost, FHA term length to payoff schedule

VA Mortgage Calculator

Veterans Affairs loans for eligible military members with no down payment and no PMI requirement. VA loans offer competitive interest rates and flexible qualification standards for those who have served.

Common calculations: VA loan amount to monthly payment, VA funding fee to total loan cost, 0% down payment to loan amount, VA interest rate to monthly payment, VA entitlement to max loan limit

USDA Mortgage Calculator

Rural development loans with no down payment for eligible rural and suburban areas. USDA loans have income limits and property location requirements but offer excellent terms for qualifying buyers.

Common calculations: USDA loan amount to monthly payment, rural eligibility to loan qualification, USDA fee to total loan amount, interest rate to total cost, mortgage amount to amortization

Jumbo Mortgage Calculator

Loans exceeding conforming loan limits for high-value properties. Jumbo mortgages typically require higher down payments (10-20%), excellent credit, and may have slightly higher interest rates.

Common calculations: jumbo loan amount to monthly payment, high balance to required income, jumbo rate to total cost, down payment to loan amount, ARM to fixed conversion example

Fixed-Rate Mortgage Calculator

Consistent interest rate and payment throughout the entire loan term. Fixed-rate mortgages provide predictable payments and protection against rising interest rates, available in 15, 20, and 30-year terms.

Common calculations: fixed rate to monthly payment, 15-year term to total interest, 30-year term to payoff schedule, fixed interest rate to total cost, mortgage principal to amortization

ARM (Adjustable-Rate) Mortgage Calculator

Initial fixed-rate period followed by adjustable rates based on market conditions. ARMs offer lower initial rates, making them attractive for buyers who plan to move or refinance before the adjustment period.

Common calculations: initial rate to monthly payment, adjustment period to new rate, ARM cap to maximum rate, ARM index to payment changes, ARM rate to total cost

Interest-Only Mortgage Calculator

Pay only interest for an initial period, with principal payments beginning later. Interest-only mortgages offer lower initial payments but require larger payments or a balloon payment later.

Common calculations: interest-only payment to principal balance, interest rate to monthly interest, interest-only period to total cost, principal to balloon payment, loan amount to interest-only payment

How to Use This Calculator

Select Loan Type: Choose from Conventional, FHA, VA, USDA, Jumbo, Fixed-Rate, ARM, or Interest-Only mortgages.
Enter Basic Details: Input home price, down payment, interest rate, and loan term (15, 20, or 30 years).
Add Property Costs: Include property tax rate, annual homeowners insurance, and HOA fees if applicable.
Configure Loan Options: Enable escrow, add closing costs percentage, and set extra payment amounts.
Click Calculate: View your monthly payment breakdown, total interest, and full amortization schedule.
Compare Scenarios: Save multiple scenarios and compare them side-by-side to find the best option.
Export Results: Download PDF estimates for individual scenarios or comparison reports.

Mortgage Calculator Features

Monthly payment with principal, interest, taxes, and insurance (PITI)
Private mortgage insurance (PMI) calculation for low down payments
Full amortization schedule with year-by-year breakdown
Total cost of homeownership over the loan term
Down payment and closing cost estimates
Scenario comparison to evaluate multiple loan options
Export estimates as PDF documents
Extra payment and bi-weekly payment calculations

Payment Breakdown Explained

Principal: The portion of your payment that reduces your loan balance.
Interest: The cost charged by the lender for borrowing money.
Property Taxes: Annual taxes paid to local government, often collected monthly in escrow.
Homeowners Insurance: Coverage protecting your home against damage and liability.
PMI: Insurance required when down payment is less than 20%, protecting the lender if you default.
HOA Fees: Monthly dues for homeowners associations in condos, townhomes, or planned communities.
Escrow: Account held by lender to pay property taxes and insurance on your behalf.

Understanding APR vs. Interest Rate

The interest rate is the cost of borrowing expressed as a percentage. The APR (Annual Percentage Rate) includes the interest rate plus other costs like origination fees, closing costs, and mortgage insurance—giving you a more complete picture of the loan's true cost. When comparing loans, APR is often more useful than interest rate alone.

Frequently Asked Questions

How is monthly mortgage payment calculated?

Monthly mortgage payment is calculated using the formula: M = P × [r(1+r)^n] / [(1+r)^n – 1], where P is the principal loan amount, r is the monthly interest rate (annual rate divided by 12), and n is the total number of payments (loan term in years × 12). This gives you the principal and interest portion; add property taxes, insurance, PMI, and HOA fees for your total monthly payment.

What is included in escrow?

Escrow typically includes property taxes and homeowners insurance, collected monthly by your lender and held in a dedicated account. When these bills come due (usually annually or semi-annually), your lender pays them on your behalf. Some loans also include PMI or flood insurance in escrow. This protects both you and the lender by ensuring these critical payments are never missed.

When does PMI end?

For conventional loans, PMI automatically ends when your loan-to-value (LTV) ratio reaches 78% based on the original property value, or you can request cancellation at 80% LTV. For FHA loans originated after June 3, 2013, MIP (Mortgage Insurance Premium) lasts for the life of the loan if you put less than 10% down; otherwise, it ends after 11 years. VA loans never require PMI.

What is the difference between APR and interest rate?

Interest rate is the basic cost of borrowing money, expressed as a percentage of the loan. APR (Annual Percentage Rate) includes the interest rate plus additional costs like loan origination fees, discount points, and certain closing costs—spread over the life of the loan. APR gives a more complete picture of total borrowing cost and is useful for comparing different loan offers.

Which mortgage type is best for my situation?

First-time buyers with limited savings: FHA loans offer low down payments (3.5%) and flexible credit requirements. Veterans and military: VA loans provide no down payment, no PMI, and competitive rates. Rural homebuyers: USDA loans offer no down payment for eligible areas. High credit, 20%+ down: Conventional loans avoid PMI and offer the best rates. High-value properties: Jumbo loans cover amounts exceeding conforming limits. Planning to move soon: ARMs offer lower initial rates.

How do extra payments reduce interest?

Extra payments go directly toward your principal balance, reducing the amount on which interest is calculated. This creates a compounding effect: each extra payment reduces future interest charges and shortens your loan term. For example, paying an extra $200/month on a $300,000 loan at 6.5% for 30 years could save over $80,000 in interest and pay off your mortgage 6+ years early.

What is an amortization schedule?

An amortization schedule is a table showing every payment over the life of your loan, broken down into principal and interest portions. Early payments are mostly interest, while later payments are mostly principal. This schedule helps you understand how your loan balance decreases over time, when you'll reach key equity milestones, and the total interest cost of your mortgage.

Is this mortgage calculator free to use?

Yes! This mortgage calculator is 100% free with no sign-up, no fees, and no limits. You can calculate as many scenarios as you need, compare different loan options, view detailed amortization schedules, and export PDF estimates—all at no cost. The tool is designed for educational and planning purposes to help you make informed homebuying decisions.

Disclaimer

This mortgage calculator is for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute financial, legal, or lending advice. Results are estimates and may differ from actual lender calculations based on your credit profile, property location, and current market conditions. Always consult a qualified mortgage professional or lender for official loan terms, rates, and approval requirements.

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GPA Calculator & Unofficial Transcript Generator

Calculate your GPA using letter grades, percentages, or direct GPA input. Supports weighted GPA (Honors, AP, IB), cumulative GPA with previous records, Science GPA (BCPM) for pre-med students, international grade conversion, and multi-institution tracking. Generate unofficial transcripts as PDF documents for personal planning and academic advising. 100% free, no registration required.

Unweighted GPA Calculator

Standard 4.0 scale where all courses are valued equally, regardless of difficulty level. An A is always 4.0, a B is 3.0, etc. This is the most common GPA calculation method used by schools and universities.

Weighted GPA Calculator

Accounts for course difficulty by adding bonus points (0.5-1.0) for Honors, AP, IB, and college-level courses. This allows GPAs to exceed 4.0 (up to 5.0), rewarding students who take challenging coursework.

Course weights: Regular (0), Honors (+0.5), AP (+1.0), IB (+1.0), College Level (+1.0)

Cumulative GPA Calculator

Combines your previous academic record with current semester courses for a complete academic picture. Enter your previous GPA and credit hours, then add current courses to calculate your updated cumulative GPA.

Science GPA (BCPM) Calculator

Calculates a separate GPA for Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Math courses—essential for pre-med students and medical school applications. Medical schools evaluate both overall GPA and Science GPA when reviewing applications.

Target GPA Predictor

Calculate what grades you need in future courses to reach your desired GPA. Enter your target GPA and planned credit hours to see exactly what GPA you need in upcoming semesters to achieve your goal.

Scholarship Eligibility Checker

Verify if your current GPA meets scholarship or program requirements. Enter the minimum GPA requirement and instantly see if you qualify, or how many points you need to improve.

International Grade Converter

Convert grades from international grading systems to the US 4.0 scale. Supports India (10-point), Canada (10-point), UK (First Class system), Germany (1.0-5.0), France (0-20), and Australia (HD-F).

Unofficial Transcript Generator

Generate PDF transcripts for personal record-keeping, academic advising, and planning. Supports multiple institutions, course details, credit hours, training hours for certifications, and student information. Clearly marked as "UNOFFICIAL" for proper use.

How to Use This Calculator

Add Courses: Enter course names, select grade input method (letter, percentage, or GPA), and specify credit hours.
Choose Grade Type: Select letter grades (A-F with +/-), percentages (0-100), or direct GPA values (0.00-4.00).
Enable Options: Toggle weighted GPA for advanced courses, cumulative GPA with previous records, or Science GPA for pre-med tracking.
Add Institutions: Track courses from multiple schools, colleges, or training programs in one transcript.
Calculate: GPA updates automatically as you enter data—no button click needed.
Use Tools: Check scholarship eligibility, predict target GPA requirements, or convert international grades.
Export Transcript: Download your unofficial transcript as a PDF document.

GPA Calculation Examples

Example 1: Simple Semester GPA

English 101 (3 credits) — Grade: A (4.0)
Math 201 (4 credits) — Grade: B+ (3.3)
History 101 (3 credits) — Grade: A- (3.7)
Chemistry 101 (4 credits) — Grade: B (3.0)

Calculation: (4.0×3 + 3.3×4 + 3.7×3 + 3.0×4) ÷ 14 = 3.44 GPA

Example 2: Weighted GPA with AP Courses

AP Calculus (1 credit, AP) — Grade: A (4.0 + 1.0 bonus = 5.0)
Honors English (1 credit, Honors) — Grade: A (4.0 + 0.5 bonus = 4.5)
World History (1 credit, Regular) — Grade: A (4.0)
Physical Education (0.5 credit, Regular) — Grade: A (4.0)

Weighted GPA: (5.0×1 + 4.5×1 + 4.0×1 + 4.0×0.5) ÷ 3.5 = 4.43 GPA

Example 3: Cumulative GPA with Previous Record

Previous GPA: 3.2 with 45 credits earned
Current semester: 3.8 GPA with 15 new credits

Cumulative: (3.2×45 + 3.8×15) ÷ 60 = 3.35 GPA

Example 4: Pre-Med Science GPA (BCPM)

General Chemistry I (4 credits, BCPM) — Grade: A (4.0)
Biology I (4 credits, BCPM) — Grade: B+ (3.3)
Physics I (4 credits, BCPM) — Grade: A- (3.7)
English Literature (3 credits, non-BCPM) — Grade: A (4.0)

Overall GPA: 3.67 | Science GPA (BCPM): (4.0×4 + 3.3×4 + 3.7×4) ÷ 12 = 3.67

GPA Calculation Methods Supported

Unweighted GPA: Standard 4.0 scale where all courses are valued equally, regardless of difficulty level.
Weighted GPA: Accounts for course difficulty by adding bonus points (0.5-1.0) for Honors, AP, IB, and college-level courses.
Cumulative GPA: Combines your previous academic record with current semester courses for a complete academic picture.
Science GPA (BCPM): Calculates a separate GPA for Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Math courses—essential for pre-med students and medical school applications.

Transcript Generation Uses

The unofficial transcript feature helps with:

Personal Academic Planning: Track your progress and visualize your academic journey across multiple institutions.
Advising Preparation: Bring organized records to academic advising sessions to make informed course selection decisions.
College Applications: Create preliminary transcripts for self-assessment before requesting official documents.
Career Applications: Document your educational background for job applications and interviews.
Homeschool Documentation: Homeschooling families can generate organized academic records for portfolios and applications.
Professional Certificate Tracking: Record continuing education, professional development courses, and certification programs.
Workforce Training History: Document corporate training, technical certifications, and professional development hours.

Additional Features

Target GPA Predictor: Calculate what grades you need in future courses to reach your desired GPA.
Scholarship Eligibility Checker: Verify if your current GPA meets scholarship or program requirements.
International Grade Converter: Convert grades from India, UK, Germany, France, Canada, and Australia to the US 4.0 scale.
Multi-Institution Support: Track coursework from multiple schools, colleges, or training programs in one transcript.
Flexible Grade Input: Enter grades as letters (A-F), percentages (0-100), or direct GPA values (0.00-4.00).

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the different types of GPA?

Unweighted GPA uses a standard 4.0 scale where all courses are equal, regardless of difficulty. An A is always 4.0, a B is 3.0, etc. Weighted GPA awards extra points for challenging courses. Honors courses typically add 0.5 points, while AP, IB, and college-level courses add 1.0 point, allowing GPAs up to 5.0. Cumulative GPA represents your overall academic performance across all semesters and years, combining all courses from your entire academic career. Science GPA (BCPM) is calculated separately from Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Math courses. Medical schools use this to evaluate pre-med applicants' science preparation.

What can I use the unofficial transcript for?

Unofficial transcripts from this tool are useful for: personal academic record-keeping and progress tracking, preparing for academic advising appointments, estimating your GPA before receiving official grades, organizing information for scholarship applications, creating preliminary drafts for resumes and job applications, documenting homeschool coursework and grades, and tracking professional certifications and training hours. Note: These are NOT official documents and should not be submitted to institutions requiring official transcripts.

Can homeschool students use this calculator?

Yes! This calculator is excellent for homeschool families. You can calculate GPA using any grading method (letter grades, percentages, or GPA points), assign weighted values to advanced coursework, generate organized unofficial transcripts for your portfolio, track multiple years or "institutions" (such as co-ops, dual enrollment, or online programs), and include both academic courses and electives with varying credit hours. Many homeschool families use this to prepare unofficial transcripts before creating official documents for college applications.

How do I track certificates and training hours?

This calculator supports professional certificate and training documentation. Select "Training Hours" instead of "Credits" for non-academic programs. Grades are optional for training entries—perfect for pass/fail certifications. Choose "Certificate" as the program type to clearly label professional development. Add multiple institutions to separate different training providers or employers. Export a PDF that documents your complete professional development history. This is ideal for tracking continuing education units (CEUs), corporate training, technical certifications, and workforce development programs.

What grade input methods are available?

For each course, you can choose from three input methods: Letter Grades (A-F): Standard letter grades including plus/minus variations. Percentage (0-100): Numeric percentage grades automatically converted to GPA. Direct GPA (0.00-4.00): Enter the exact GPA value if you already know it. All input methods are automatically converted to the 4.0 scale for consistent calculation.

How does the scholarship eligibility checker work?

Enter the minimum GPA requirement for your scholarship, grant, or academic program. The tool instantly compares your calculated GPA against the requirement and tells you if you qualify. If you fall short, it shows exactly how many GPA points you need to improve. This helps with planning for Dean's List eligibility, honor society requirements, scholarship renewals, and graduate program prerequisites.

How do I use the Target GPA Predictor?

The Target GPA Predictor helps you plan your academic future: First, calculate your current GPA using the main calculator. Then enter your desired target GPA (e.g., 3.5 for Dean's List). Enter how many credits you plan to take in future semesters. The tool calculates the exact GPA you need in those future credits to reach your goal. If your goal isn't mathematically possible, the tool will explain why and suggest alternatives.

What's the difference between official and unofficial transcripts?

Official Transcripts are issued directly by educational institutions, often sealed and signed, and include security features. They're required for college admissions, graduate school applications, professional licensing, and employment verification. Unofficial Transcripts (like those generated here) are for personal use, planning, and informal purposes. They help you track your progress, prepare for advising, estimate your standing, and organize your academic history—but they are not valid for formal submissions.

Is this GPA calculator free to use?

Yes! This GPA calculator and transcript generator is 100% free with no registration, no limits, and no hidden fees. Calculate your GPA, generate transcripts, use all tools and features—all at no cost. The tool is designed for educational and planning purposes.

Disclaimer

All transcripts generated by this tool are clearly marked as "UNOFFICIAL" and are intended for informational and personal planning purposes only. These documents should not be submitted as official academic records. For official transcripts, always contact your educational institution's registrar office. GPA calculations are estimates based on the standard 4.0 scale and may vary from your institution's official calculations.

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Free QR Code Generator Online

Create custom QR codes for URLs, text, email, phone, WiFi networks, and SMS messages. Download instantly as PNG or SVG - 100% free, no signup required. Generate high-quality QR codes for personal or commercial use with no limits.

URL QR Code

The most common type of QR code. Link to any website, landing page, online store, or web application. When scanned, the user is automatically redirected to the specified URL. Perfect for marketing materials, business cards, product packaging, and advertisements.

Text QR Code

Encode plain text messages, notes, or information that displays directly on the scanner. Ideal for sharing contact information, instructions, product details, or secret messages. The text appears immediately without requiring an internet connection.

Email QR Code

Pre-compose an email with recipient address, subject line, and body text. When scanned, the user's email app opens with all fields filled in, ready to send. Excellent for customer feedback forms, support requests, and newsletter signups.

Phone QR Code

One scan initiates a phone call to the specified number. No need to manually dial - the phone app opens with the number ready to call. Perfect for business cards, customer service signage, emergency contact information, and real estate listings.

WiFi QR Code

Share WiFi network credentials instantly without revealing the password verbally. Guests can connect to your network by simply scanning the code. Supports WPA/WPA2, WEP, and open networks. Essential for hotels, cafes, offices, Airbnb rentals, and home networks.

SMS QR Code

Pre-compose an SMS text message with recipient number and message content. When scanned, the messaging app opens ready to send. Great for opt-in campaigns, voting systems, contest entries, and quick customer communication.

How to Create a QR Code

Select QR Code Type: Choose the type of QR code you want to create: URL, Text, Email, Phone, WiFi, or SMS.
Enter Your Content: Fill in the required information based on your selected QR code type.
Adjust Size (Optional): Use the slider to adjust the QR code size from 128px to 512px.
Generate QR Code: Click the "Generate QR Code" button to create your QR code.
Download: Download your QR code as PNG for digital use or SVG for print materials.

QR Code Generator Features

Instant QR code generation in your browser
Customizable size (128px to 512px)
High-quality PNG and SVG downloads
High error correction level for reliable scanning
100% free with unlimited generations
No registration or signup required
Privacy-focused: data never leaves your browser
Static QR codes that never expire

Popular Use Cases for QR Codes

Business & Marketing

Business cards with contact information and portfolio links
Product packaging linking to instructions or warranty registration
Print advertisements connecting to landing pages
Store windows displaying promotions and special offers
Loyalty programs and discount coupons
Trade show booths for lead capture

Restaurants & Hospitality

Digital menus accessible via table QR codes
Contactless ordering and payment systems
WiFi access for guests without sharing passwords
Customer feedback and review requests
Reservation and booking systems
Room service and concierge information

Education & Events

Classroom materials and supplementary resources
Event tickets and check-in systems
Conference networking and contact exchange
Museum exhibits with detailed information
Library resources and book information
Campus maps and building directories

Healthcare & Personal

Medical ID bracelets with emergency information
Prescription and medication instructions
Appointment scheduling and reminders
Personal identification and access control
Pet tags with owner contact information
Luggage tags for travel identification

Benefits of Using Our Free QR Code Generator

100% Free Forever

Generate unlimited QR codes without any cost. No hidden fees, no premium tiers, no credit card required. All features are available to everyone at no charge.

No Registration Required

Start creating QR codes immediately without signing up for an account. We respect your privacy and do not require any personal information to use our tool.

High-Quality Output

Download your QR codes in high-resolution PNG format for digital use or scalable SVG format for print materials. Both formats ensure crisp, scannable codes.

Multiple QR Code Types

Create six different types of QR codes from a single tool. Whether you need URL, text, email, phone, WiFi, or SMS codes, we have you covered.

Instant Generation

QR codes are generated instantly in your browser. No waiting for server processing - your code appears immediately after clicking the generate button.

Static QR Codes

Your QR codes never expire and work forever. The data is encoded directly in the image, so there are no dependencies on our servers or services.

QR Code Best Practices and Tips

Design Guidelines

Maintain contrast: Ensure sufficient contrast between the QR code and background. Dark codes on light backgrounds work best.
Size matters: For print, the minimum size should be 2cm x 2cm. For billboards or distance scanning, increase the size proportionally.
Quiet zone: Keep a white border (quiet zone) around your QR code equal to at least 4 modules for reliable scanning.
Test before printing: Always scan your QR code with multiple devices before finalizing print materials.

Content Guidelines

Use short URLs: Shorter content creates less dense QR codes that are easier to scan. Consider URL shorteners for long links.
Mobile-friendly destinations: Ensure the linked content is optimized for mobile devices since most scans come from smartphones.
Add a call-to-action: Include text near your QR code telling users what to expect, such as "Scan for Menu" or "Scan to Connect."
Track performance: For marketing campaigns, use UTM parameters or dedicated landing pages to track QR code scans.

Frequently Asked Questions About QR Codes

What is a QR code and how does it work?

A QR (Quick Response) code is a two-dimensional barcode that stores information in a pattern of black and white squares. When you scan it with a smartphone camera, the device decodes the pattern and performs the encoded action - such as opening a website, displaying text, or connecting to WiFi. QR codes can store up to 4,296 alphanumeric characters and include error correction to work even if partially damaged.

Are QR codes generated on this website free to use?

Yes, absolutely! All QR codes generated on UnitConverterAndCalculator are 100% free with no limits on quantity or usage. You can use them for personal projects, business marketing, commercial products, or any other purpose without paying anything. There are no hidden fees, premium features, or subscription requirements.

Do the QR codes I create expire or stop working?

No, QR codes created with our generator are static codes that never expire. The information is encoded directly into the QR code image itself, not stored on our servers. This means your QR codes will continue to work indefinitely, as long as the destination content (like a website URL) remains active and accessible.

Should I download my QR code as PNG or SVG?

Choose PNG for digital use cases like websites, social media, emails, and presentations. PNG files are raster images that work well at their generated size. Choose SVG for print materials like business cards, posters, flyers, and packaging. SVG files are vector graphics that can be scaled to any size without losing quality, making them ideal for professional printing.

How small can I print a QR code?

The minimum recommended size for a printed QR code is 2cm x 2cm (about 0.8 inches). This ensures the code can be scanned reliably by most smartphone cameras. For scanning from greater distances (like posters or billboards), increase the size proportionally - generally 10:1 ratio of scanning distance to QR code size.

Can I customize the appearance of my QR code?

Our generator creates standard black and white QR codes with customizable sizes. These traditional codes offer the best scanning reliability across all devices. The high error correction level (H) we use allows the code to remain functional even with minor modifications, though we recommend testing any customized codes thoroughly.

What is a WiFi QR code and how does it work?

A WiFi QR code encodes your wireless network credentials (network name, password, and encryption type) in a special format. When someone scans this code with their smartphone, their device automatically configures the WiFi connection without manually entering the password. This is especially useful for homes, offices, hotels, cafes, and events where you want to share WiFi access securely and conveniently.

Is my data safe when I create a QR code?

Yes, your privacy is protected. Our QR code generator works entirely in your browser - the data you enter never leaves your device or gets sent to our servers. The QR code is generated locally using JavaScript, ensuring complete privacy for sensitive information like WiFi passwords or personal contact details.

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Complete Conversion Charts - Every Possible Conversion

2000+ conversion factors across 35+ categories. Find any unit conversion instantly - from ounce to grams, kilometers to miles, and everything in between.

100% free, complete reference tables for students, engineers, scientists, and professionals.

Search Conversions

Use the search bar to quickly find specific conversions (e.g., "ounce to gram", "mile", "celsius").

Temperature Conversion Chart

Complete temperature conversions between Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine with formulas.

Temperature Conversion Formulas

Conversion	Formula	Example
Celsius → Fahrenheit	°F = (°C × 9/5) + 32	25°C = 77°F
Fahrenheit → Celsius	°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9	98.6°F = 37°C
Celsius → Kelvin	K = °C + 273.15	100°C = 373.15 K
Kelvin → Celsius	°C = K − 273.15	300 K = 26.85°C
Fahrenheit → Kelvin	K = (°F + 459.67) × 5/9	32°F = 273.15 K
Kelvin → Fahrenheit	°F = (K × 9/5) − 459.67	373.15 K = 212°F
Celsius → Rankine	°R = (°C + 273.15) × 9/5	0°C = 491.67°R
Rankine → Celsius	°C = (°R × 5/9) − 273.15	671.67°R = 100°C

Temperature Reference Points

Reference Point	Celsius	Fahrenheit	Kelvin
Absolute Zero	-273.15°C	-459.67°F	0 K
Water Freezes	0°C	32°F	273.15 K
Room Temperature	20-22°C	68-72°F	293-295 K
Body Temperature	37°C	98.6°F	310.15 K
Water Boils	100°C	212°F	373.15 K

Length Conversion Chart

Complete conversion table for all length units including metric and imperial measurements.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 mm (Millimeter)	cm (Centimeter)	0.1	10 mm = 1 cm
1 mm (Millimeter)	m (Meter)	0.001	1000 mm = 1 m
1 mm (Millimeter)	in (Inch)	0.03937	10 mm = 0.3937 in
1 cm (Centimeter)	mm (Millimeter)	10	1 cm = 10 mm
1 cm (Centimeter)	m (Meter)	0.01	100 cm = 1 m
1 cm (Centimeter)	in (Inch)	0.3937	10 cm = 3.937 in
1 m (Meter)	cm (Centimeter)	100	1 m = 100 cm
1 m (Meter)	km (Kilometer)	0.001	1000 m = 1 km
1 m (Meter)	ft (Foot)	3.2808	1 m = 3.2808 ft
1 m (Meter)	yd (Yard)	1.0936	1 m = 1.0936 yd
1 km (Kilometer)	m (Meter)	1000	1 km = 1000 m
1 km (Kilometer)	mi (Mile)	0.6214	10 km = 6.214 mi
1 in (Inch)	cm (Centimeter)	2.54	10 in = 25.4 cm
1 in (Inch)	mm (Millimeter)	25.4	1 in = 25.4 mm
1 ft (Foot)	m (Meter)	0.3048	10 ft = 3.048 m
1 ft (Foot)	in (Inch)	12	1 ft = 12 in
1 yd (Yard)	m (Meter)	0.9144	10 yd = 9.144 m
1 yd (Yard)	ft (Foot)	3	1 yd = 3 ft
1 mi (Mile)	km (Kilometer)	1.6093	10 mi = 16.093 km
1 mi (Mile)	ft (Foot)	5280	1 mi = 5280 ft
1 nmi (Nautical Mile)	km (Kilometer)	1.852	10 nmi = 18.52 km
1 nmi (Nautical Mile)	mi (Mile)	1.1508	10 nmi = 11.508 mi

Weight & Mass Conversion Chart

Convert between all weight and mass units: milligrams, grams, kilograms, ounces, pounds, tons.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 mg (Milligram)	g (Gram)	0.001	1000 mg = 1 g
1 g (Gram)	mg (Milligram)	1000	1 g = 1000 mg
1 g (Gram)	kg (Kilogram)	0.001	1000 g = 1 kg
1 g (Gram)	oz (Ounce)	0.03527	100 g = 3.527 oz
1 kg (Kilogram)	g (Gram)	1000	1 kg = 1000 g
1 kg (Kilogram)	lb (Pound)	2.2046	10 kg = 22.046 lb
1 kg (Kilogram)	oz (Ounce)	35.274	1 kg = 35.274 oz
1 t (Metric Ton)	kg (Kilogram)	1000	1 t = 1000 kg
1 t (Metric Ton)	lb (Pound)	2204.6	1 t = 2204.6 lb
1 oz (Ounce)	g (Gram)	28.3495	10 oz = 283.495 g
1 oz (Ounce)	lb (Pound)	0.0625	16 oz = 1 lb
1 lb (Pound)	kg (Kilogram)	0.4536	10 lb = 4.536 kg
1 lb (Pound)	oz (Ounce)	16	1 lb = 16 oz
1 lb (Pound)	g (Gram)	453.592	1 lb = 453.592 g
1 st (Stone)	kg (Kilogram)	6.3503	10 st = 63.503 kg
1 st (Stone)	lb (Pound)	14	1 st = 14 lb
1 US ton	kg (Kilogram)	907.185	1 US ton = 907.185 kg
1 US ton	t (Metric Ton)	0.9072	1 US ton = 0.9072 t

Volume Conversion Chart

Complete volume conversions: milliliters, liters, cups, fluid ounces, pints, quarts, gallons.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 ml (Milliliter)	L (Liter)	0.001	1000 ml = 1 L
1 ml (Milliliter)	fl oz (Fluid Ounce)	0.0338	100 ml = 3.38 fl oz
1 ml (Milliliter)	tsp (Teaspoon)	0.2029	10 ml = 2.029 tsp
1 L (Liter)	ml (Milliliter)	1000	1 L = 1000 ml
1 L (Liter)	gal (US Gallon)	0.2642	10 L = 2.642 gal
1 L (Liter)	cup (Cup)	4.2268	1 L = 4.2268 cups
1 L (Liter)	fl oz (Fluid Ounce)	33.814	1 L = 33.814 fl oz
1 m³ (Cubic Meter)	L (Liter)	1000	1 m³ = 1000 L
1 m³ (Cubic Meter)	gal (US Gallon)	264.17	1 m³ = 264.17 gal
1 tsp (Teaspoon)	ml (Milliliter)	4.929	10 tsp = 49.29 ml
1 tbsp (Tablespoon)	ml (Milliliter)	14.787	10 tbsp = 147.87 ml
1 tbsp (Tablespoon)	tsp (Teaspoon)	3	1 tbsp = 3 tsp
1 fl oz (Fluid Ounce)	ml (Milliliter)	29.574	10 fl oz = 295.74 ml
1 fl oz (Fluid Ounce)	tbsp (Tablespoon)	2	1 fl oz = 2 tbsp
1 cup (Cup)	ml (Milliliter)	236.59	2 cups = 473.18 ml
1 cup (Cup)	fl oz (Fluid Ounce)	8	1 cup = 8 fl oz
1 pt (Pint)	ml (Milliliter)	473.18	2 pt = 946.36 ml
1 pt (Pint)	cup (Cup)	2	1 pt = 2 cups
1 qt (Quart)	L (Liter)	0.9464	10 qt = 9.464 L
1 qt (Quart)	pt (Pint)	2	1 qt = 2 pt
1 gal (US Gallon)	L (Liter)	3.7854	10 gal = 37.854 L
1 gal (US Gallon)	qt (Quart)	4	1 gal = 4 qt
1 gal (US Gallon)	fl oz (Fluid Ounce)	128	1 gal = 128 fl oz

Area Conversion Chart

Convert square millimeters to square miles, hectares to acres, and all area units.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 mm² (Square Millimeter)	cm² (Square Centimeter)	0.01	100 mm² = 1 cm²
1 cm² (Square Centimeter)	mm² (Square Millimeter)	100	1 cm² = 100 mm²
1 cm² (Square Centimeter)	in² (Square Inch)	0.155	10 cm² = 1.55 in²
1 m² (Square Meter)	ft² (Square Foot)	10.764	10 m² = 107.64 ft²
1 m² (Square Meter)	yd² (Square Yard)	1.196	10 m² = 11.96 yd²
1 km² (Square Kilometer)	mi² (Square Mile)	0.3861	10 km² = 3.861 mi²
1 km² (Square Kilometer)	ac (Acre)	247.105	1 km² = 247.105 ac
1 km² (Square Kilometer)	ha (Hectare)	100	1 km² = 100 ha
1 ha (Hectare)	m² (Square Meter)	10000	1 ha = 10000 m²
1 ha (Hectare)	ac (Acre)	2.4711	10 ha = 24.711 ac
1 in² (Square Inch)	cm² (Square Centimeter)	6.4516	10 in² = 64.516 cm²
1 ft² (Square Foot)	m² (Square Meter)	0.0929	100 ft² = 9.29 m²
1 ft² (Square Foot)	in² (Square Inch)	144	1 ft² = 144 in²
1 yd² (Square Yard)	m² (Square Meter)	0.8361	10 yd² = 8.361 m²
1 yd² (Square Yard)	ft² (Square Foot)	9	1 yd² = 9 ft²
1 ac (Acre)	m² (Square Meter)	4046.86	1 ac = 4046.86 m²
1 ac (Acre)	ha (Hectare)	0.4047	10 ac = 4.047 ha
1 ac (Acre)	ft² (Square Foot)	43560	1 ac = 43560 ft²
1 mi² (Square Mile)	km² (Square Kilometer)	2.59	10 mi² = 25.9 km²
1 mi² (Square Mile)	ac (Acre)	640	1 mi² = 640 ac

Speed Conversion Chart

Convert between mph, km/h, m/s, knots, mach, and feet per second.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 m/s (Meter/Second)	km/h (Kilometer/Hour)	3.6	10 m/s = 36 km/h
1 m/s (Meter/Second)	mph (Mile/Hour)	2.2369	10 m/s = 22.369 mph
1 m/s (Meter/Second)	kn (Knot)	1.9438	10 m/s = 19.438 kn
1 km/h (Kilometer/Hour)	m/s (Meter/Second)	0.2778	100 km/h = 27.78 m/s
1 km/h (Kilometer/Hour)	mph (Mile/Hour)	0.6214	100 km/h = 62.14 mph
1 km/h (Kilometer/Hour)	kn (Knot)	0.5400	100 km/h = 54.00 kn
1 mph (Mile/Hour)	km/h (Kilometer/Hour)	1.6093	60 mph = 96.56 km/h
1 mph (Mile/Hour)	m/s (Meter/Second)	0.4470	100 mph = 44.70 m/s
1 mph (Mile/Hour)	ft/s (Foot/Second)	1.4667	60 mph = 88 ft/s
1 kn (Knot)	km/h (Kilometer/Hour)	1.852	100 kn = 185.2 km/h
1 kn (Knot)	mph (Mile/Hour)	1.1508	100 kn = 115.08 mph
1 ft/s (Foot/Second)	m/s (Meter/Second)	0.3048	100 ft/s = 30.48 m/s
1 ft/s (Foot/Second)	mph (Mile/Hour)	0.6818	100 ft/s = 68.18 mph
1 Mach	m/s (Meter/Second)	343	1 Mach = 343 m/s
1 Mach	km/h (Kilometer/Hour)	1234.8	1 Mach = 1234.8 km/h
1 Mach	mph (Mile/Hour)	767.269	1 Mach = 767.269 mph

Time Conversion Chart

Convert milliseconds, seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, and years.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 ms (Millisecond)	s (Second)	0.001	1000 ms = 1 s
1 s (Second)	ms (Millisecond)	1000	1 s = 1000 ms
1 s (Second)	min (Minute)	0.01667	60 s = 1 min
1 min (Minute)	s (Second)	60	1 min = 60 s
1 min (Minute)	h (Hour)	0.01667	60 min = 1 h
1 h (Hour)	min (Minute)	60	1 h = 60 min
1 h (Hour)	s (Second)	3600	1 h = 3600 s
1 h (Hour)	d (Day)	0.04167	24 h = 1 d
1 d (Day)	h (Hour)	24	1 d = 24 h
1 d (Day)	min (Minute)	1440	1 d = 1440 min
1 d (Day)	s (Second)	86400	1 d = 86400 s
1 wk (Week)	d (Day)	7	1 wk = 7 d
1 wk (Week)	h (Hour)	168	1 wk = 168 h
1 mo (Month - 30 days)	d (Day)	30	1 mo = 30 d
1 mo (Month - 30 days)	h (Hour)	720	1 mo = 720 h
1 yr (Year - 365 days)	d (Day)	365	1 yr = 365 d
1 yr (Year - 365 days)	wk (Week)	52.143	1 yr = 52.143 wk
1 yr (Year - 365 days)	h (Hour)	8760	1 yr = 8760 h

Pressure Conversion Chart

Convert between Pascal, kPa, MPa, bar, psi, atm, mmHg, and inHg.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 Pa (Pascal)	kPa (Kilopascal)	0.001	1000 Pa = 1 kPa
1 Pa (Pascal)	bar	0.00001	100000 Pa = 1 bar
1 Pa (Pascal)	psi	0.000145	1000 Pa = 0.145 psi
1 kPa (Kilopascal)	Pa (Pascal)	1000	1 kPa = 1000 Pa
1 kPa (Kilopascal)	bar	0.01	100 kPa = 1 bar
1 kPa (Kilopascal)	psi	0.145	100 kPa = 14.5 psi
1 MPa (Megapascal)	kPa (Kilopascal)	1000	1 MPa = 1000 kPa
1 MPa (Megapascal)	bar	10	1 MPa = 10 bar
1 MPa (Megapascal)	psi	145.04	1 MPa = 145.04 psi
1 bar	kPa (Kilopascal)	100	1 bar = 100 kPa
1 bar	psi	14.504	1 bar = 14.504 psi
1 bar	atm (Atmosphere)	0.9869	1 bar = 0.9869 atm
1 psi	kPa (Kilopascal)	6.8948	10 psi = 68.948 kPa
1 psi	bar	0.06895	35 psi = 2.41 bar
1 psi	atm (Atmosphere)	0.06805	14.7 psi = 1 atm
1 atm (Atmosphere)	kPa (Kilopascal)	101.325	1 atm = 101.325 kPa
1 atm (Atmosphere)	bar	1.0133	1 atm = 1.0133 bar
1 atm (Atmosphere)	psi	14.696	1 atm = 14.696 psi
1 atm (Atmosphere)	mmHg (Torr)	760	1 atm = 760 mmHg
1 mmHg (Torr)	Pa (Pascal)	133.32	760 mmHg = 101325 Pa

Energy Conversion Chart

Convert joules, kilojoules, calories, kilocalories, BTU, watt-hours, and electronvolts.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 J (Joule)	kJ (Kilojoule)	0.001	1000 J = 1 kJ
1 J (Joule)	cal (Calorie)	0.239	100 J = 23.9 cal
1 J (Joule)	Wh (Watt-hour)	0.000278	3600 J = 1 Wh
1 kJ (Kilojoule)	J (Joule)	1000	1 kJ = 1000 J
1 kJ (Kilojoule)	cal (Calorie)	239.01	1 kJ = 239.01 cal
1 kJ (Kilojoule)	BTU	0.9478	1 kJ = 0.9478 BTU
1 cal (Calorie)	J (Joule)	4.184	100 cal = 418.4 J
1 cal (Calorie)	kcal (Kilocalorie)	0.001	1000 cal = 1 kcal
1 kcal (Kilocalorie)	J (Joule)	4184	1 kcal = 4184 J
1 kcal (Kilocalorie)	kJ (Kilojoule)	4.184	100 kcal = 418.4 kJ
1 kcal (Kilocalorie)	BTU	3.9657	100 kcal = 396.57 BTU
1 Wh (Watt-hour)	J (Joule)	3600	1 Wh = 3600 J
1 Wh (Watt-hour)	kJ (Kilojoule)	3.6	1 Wh = 3.6 kJ
1 kWh (Kilowatt-hour)	J (Joule)	3600000	1 kWh = 3,600,000 J
1 kWh (Kilowatt-hour)	BTU	3412	1 kWh = 3412 BTU
1 BTU	J (Joule)	1055.06	10 BTU = 10550.6 J
1 BTU	kJ (Kilojoule)	1.055	100 BTU = 105.5 kJ
1 BTU	cal (Calorie)	252.16	1 BTU = 252.16 cal

Power Conversion Chart

Convert watts, kilowatts, megawatts, horsepower, and BTU per hour.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 W (Watt)	kW (Kilowatt)	0.001	1000 W = 1 kW
1 W (Watt)	hp (Horsepower)	0.00134	746 W = 1 hp
1 W (Watt)	BTU/h	3.412	100 W = 341.2 BTU/h
1 kW (Kilowatt)	W (Watt)	1000	1 kW = 1000 W
1 kW (Kilowatt)	hp (Horsepower)	1.341	10 kW = 13.41 hp
1 kW (Kilowatt)	BTU/h	3412	1 kW = 3412 BTU/h
1 MW (Megawatt)	kW (Kilowatt)	1000	1 MW = 1000 kW
1 MW (Megawatt)	hp (Horsepower)	1341	1 MW = 1341 hp
1 hp (Horsepower)	W (Watt)	745.7	10 hp = 7457 W
1 hp (Horsepower)	kW (Kilowatt)	0.7457	100 hp = 74.57 kW
1 hp (Horsepower)	BTU/h	2545	1 hp = 2545 BTU/h
1 BTU/h	W (Watt)	0.293	1000 BTU/h = 293 W

Force Conversion Chart

Convert newtons, kilonewtons, pound-force, kilogram-force, and dynes.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 N (Newton)	kN (Kilonewton)	0.001	1000 N = 1 kN
1 N (Newton)	lbf (Pound-force)	0.2248	10 N = 2.248 lbf
1 N (Newton)	kgf (Kilogram-force)	0.1020	10 N = 1.020 kgf
1 N (Newton)	dyn (Dyne)	100000	1 N = 100000 dyn
1 kN (Kilonewton)	N (Newton)	1000	1 kN = 1000 N
1 kN (Kilonewton)	lbf (Pound-force)	224.8	1 kN = 224.8 lbf
1 lbf (Pound-force)	N (Newton)	4.4482	10 lbf = 44.482 N
1 lbf (Pound-force)	kgf (Kilogram-force)	0.4536	10 lbf = 4.536 kgf
1 kgf (Kilogram-force)	N (Newton)	9.8067	10 kgf = 98.067 N
1 kgf (Kilogram-force)	lbf (Pound-force)	2.205	10 kgf = 22.05 lbf
1 dyn (Dyne)	N (Newton)	0.00001	100000 dyn = 1 N

Digital Storage Conversion Chart

Convert bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, petabytes.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 b (Bit)	B (Byte)	0.125	8 b = 1 B
1 B (Byte)	b (Bit)	8	1 B = 8 b
1 B (Byte)	KB (Kilobyte)	0.000977	1024 B = 1 KB
1 KB (Kilobyte)	B (Byte)	1024	1 KB = 1024 B
1 KB (Kilobyte)	MB (Megabyte)	0.000977	1024 KB = 1 MB
1 MB (Megabyte)	KB (Kilobyte)	1024	1 MB = 1024 KB
1 MB (Megabyte)	GB (Gigabyte)	0.000977	1024 MB = 1 GB
1 MB (Megabyte)	B (Byte)	1048576	1 MB = 1,048,576 B
1 GB (Gigabyte)	MB (Megabyte)	1024	1 GB = 1024 MB
1 GB (Gigabyte)	TB (Terabyte)	0.000977	1024 GB = 1 TB
1 GB (Gigabyte)	B (Byte)	1073741824	1 GB = 1,073,741,824 B
1 TB (Terabyte)	GB (Gigabyte)	1024	1 TB = 1024 GB
1 TB (Terabyte)	PB (Petabyte)	0.000977	1024 TB = 1 PB
1 PB (Petabyte)	TB (Terabyte)	1024	1 PB = 1024 TB

Electrical Conversion Charts

Convert voltage, current, resistance, charge, capacitance, and inductance.

Voltage Conversion

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 mV (Millivolt)	V (Volt)	0.001	1000 mV = 1 V
1 V (Volt)	mV (Millivolt)	1000	1 V = 1000 mV
1 V (Volt)	kV (Kilovolt)	0.001	1000 V = 1 kV
1 kV (Kilovolt)	V (Volt)	1000	1 kV = 1000 V
1 MV (Megavolt)	kV (Kilovolt)	1000	1 MV = 1000 kV

Electric Current Conversion

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 mA (Milliampere)	A (Ampere)	0.001	1000 mA = 1 A
1 A (Ampere)	mA (Milliampere)	1000	1 A = 1000 mA
1 A (Ampere)	kA (Kiloampere)	0.001	1000 A = 1 kA
1 kA (Kiloampere)	A (Ampere)	1000	1 kA = 1000 A

Resistance Conversion

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 mΩ (Milliohm)	Ω (Ohm)	0.001	1000 mΩ = 1 Ω
1 Ω (Ohm)	kΩ (Kilohm)	0.001	1000 Ω = 1 kΩ
1 kΩ (Kilohm)	Ω (Ohm)	1000	1 kΩ = 1000 Ω
1 MΩ (Megohm)	kΩ (Kilohm)	1000	1 MΩ = 1000 kΩ

Electric Charge Conversion

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 mC (Millicoulomb)	C (Coulomb)	0.001	1000 mC = 1 C
1 C (Coulomb)	mC (Millicoulomb)	1000	1 C = 1000 mC
1 Ah (Ampere-hour)	C (Coulomb)	3600	1 Ah = 3600 C
1 mAh (Milliampere-hour)	C (Coulomb)	3.6	1000 mAh = 3600 C

Capacitance Conversion

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 pF (Picofarad)	nF (Nanofarad)	0.001	1000 pF = 1 nF
1 nF (Nanofarad)	μF (Microfarad)	0.001	1000 nF = 1 μF
1 μF (Microfarad)	mF (Millifarad)	0.001	1000 μF = 1 mF
1 mF (Millifarad)	F (Farad)	0.001	1000 mF = 1 F
1 F (Farad)	μF (Microfarad)	1000000	1 F = 1,000,000 μF

Frequency Conversion Chart

Convert hertz, kilohertz, megahertz, and gigahertz.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 Hz (Hertz)	kHz (Kilohertz)	0.001	1000 Hz = 1 kHz
1 Hz (Hertz)	MHz (Megahertz)	0.000001	1,000,000 Hz = 1 MHz
1 kHz (Kilohertz)	Hz (Hertz)	1000	1 kHz = 1000 Hz
1 kHz (Kilohertz)	MHz (Megahertz)	0.001	1000 kHz = 1 MHz
1 MHz (Megahertz)	kHz (Kilohertz)	1000	1 MHz = 1000 kHz
1 MHz (Megahertz)	GHz (Gigahertz)	0.001	1000 MHz = 1 GHz
1 GHz (Gigahertz)	MHz (Megahertz)	1000	1 GHz = 1000 MHz
1 GHz (Gigahertz)	Hz (Hertz)	1000000000	1 GHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz

Angle Conversion Chart

Convert degrees, radians, gradians, and revolutions.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 ° (Degree)	rad (Radian)	0.01745	180° = 3.1416 rad
1 ° (Degree)	grad (Gradian)	1.1111	90° = 100 grad
1 rad (Radian)	° (Degree)	57.2958	1 rad = 57.2958°
1 rad (Radian)	grad (Gradian)	63.662	1 rad = 63.662 grad
1 grad (Gradian)	° (Degree)	0.9	100 grad = 90°
1 grad (Gradian)	rad (Radian)	0.01571	100 grad = 1.571 rad
1 rev (Revolution)	° (Degree)	360	1 rev = 360°
1 rev (Revolution)	rad (Radian)	6.2832	1 rev = 6.2832 rad
1 rev (Revolution)	grad (Gradian)	400	1 rev = 400 grad

Torque Conversion Chart

Convert newton-meters, kilonewton-meters, pound-feet, pound-inches.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 N·m (Newton-meter)	kN·m (Kilonewton-meter)	0.001	1000 N·m = 1 kN·m
1 N·m (Newton-meter)	lb·ft (Pound-foot)	0.7376	10 N·m = 7.376 lb·ft
1 N·m (Newton-meter)	lb·in (Pound-inch)	8.8507	10 N·m = 88.507 lb·in
1 kN·m (Kilonewton-meter)	N·m (Newton-meter)	1000	1 kN·m = 1000 N·m
1 kN·m (Kilonewton-meter)	lb·ft (Pound-foot)	737.56	1 kN·m = 737.56 lb·ft
1 lb·ft (Pound-foot)	N·m (Newton-meter)	1.3558	100 lb·ft = 135.58 N·m
1 lb·ft (Pound-foot)	lb·in (Pound-inch)	12	1 lb·ft = 12 lb·in
1 lb·in (Pound-inch)	N·m (Newton-meter)	0.1130	100 lb·in = 11.30 N·m
1 lb·in (Pound-inch)	lb·ft (Pound-foot)	0.0833	12 lb·in = 1 lb·ft

Density Conversion Chart

Convert kg/m³, g/cm³, lb/ft³, and lb/in³.

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 kg/m³	g/cm³	0.001	1000 kg/m³ = 1 g/cm³
1 kg/m³	lb/ft³	0.0624	1000 kg/m³ = 62.4 lb/ft³
1 g/cm³	kg/m³	1000	1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³
1 g/cm³	lb/ft³	62.43	1 g/cm³ = 62.43 lb/ft³
1 lb/ft³	kg/m³	16.02	10 lb/ft³ = 160.2 kg/m³
1 lb/ft³	g/cm³	0.0160	100 lb/ft³ = 1.60 g/cm³
1 lb/in³	kg/m³	27679.9	1 lb/in³ = 27679.9 kg/m³
1 lb/in³	g/cm³	27.68	1 lb/in³ = 27.68 g/cm³

Flow Rate Conversion Chart

Convert m³/s, liters/min, gallons/min (GPM), cubic feet/min (CFM).

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 m³/s	L/min	60000	1 m³/s = 60000 L/min
1 m³/s	GPM (gal/min)	15850.3	1 m³/s = 15850.3 GPM
1 m³/s	CFM (ft³/min)	2118.88	1 m³/s = 2118.88 CFM
1 L/min	m³/s	0.0000167	60000 L/min = 1 m³/s
1 L/min	GPM (gal/min)	0.2642	100 L/min = 26.42 GPM
1 L/s	GPM (gal/min)	15.85	10 L/s = 158.5 GPM
1 GPM (gal/min)	L/min	3.7854	100 GPM = 378.54 L/min
1 GPM (gal/min)	L/s	0.0631	100 GPM = 6.31 L/s
1 CFM (ft³/min)	L/min	28.32	100 CFM = 2832 L/min
1 CFM (ft³/min)	L/s	0.4719	100 CFM = 47.19 L/s

Viscosity Conversion Chart

Convert Pascal-second, centipoise, poise, kinematic viscosity.

Dynamic Viscosity

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 Pa·s (Pascal-second)	mPa·s	1000	1 Pa·s = 1000 mPa·s
1 Pa·s (Pascal-second)	P (Poise)	10	1 Pa·s = 10 P
1 Pa·s (Pascal-second)	cP (Centipoise)	1000	1 Pa·s = 1000 cP
1 cP (Centipoise)	Pa·s	0.001	1000 cP = 1 Pa·s
1 cP (Centipoise)	mPa·s	1	1 cP = 1 mPa·s
1 P (Poise)	Pa·s	0.1	10 P = 1 Pa·s

Kinematic Viscosity

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 m²/s	St (Stokes)	10000	1 m²/s = 10000 St
1 m²/s	cSt (Centistokes)	1000000	1 m²/s = 1,000,000 cSt
1 cSt (Centistokes)	mm²/s	1	1 cSt = 1 mm²/s
1 cSt (Centistokes)	m²/s	0.000001	1,000,000 cSt = 1 m²/s
1 St (Stokes)	cSt (Centistokes)	100	1 St = 100 cSt

Thermal Conversion Charts

Convert thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, heat flux.

Thermal Conductivity

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 W/(m·K)	W/(cm·K)	0.01	100 W/(m·K) = 1 W/(cm·K)
1 W/(m·K)	BTU/(h·ft·°F)	0.5778	10 W/(m·K) = 5.778 BTU/(h·ft·°F)
1 BTU/(h·ft·°F)	W/(m·K)	1.7307	10 BTU/(h·ft·°F) = 17.307 W/(m·K)

Specific Heat Capacity

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 J/(kg·K)	kJ/(kg·K)	0.001	1000 J/(kg·K) = 1 kJ/(kg·K)
1 J/(kg·K)	cal/(g·°C)	0.000239	4184 J/(kg·K) = 1 cal/(g·°C)
1 kJ/(kg·K)	J/(kg·K)	1000	1 kJ/(kg·K) = 1000 J/(kg·K)
1 cal/(g·°C)	J/(kg·K)	4184	1 cal/(g·°C) = 4184 J/(kg·K)
1 BTU/(lb·°F)	J/(kg·K)	4186.8	1 BTU/(lb·°F) = 4186.8 J/(kg·K)

Heat Flux Density

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 W/m²	kW/m²	0.001	1000 W/m² = 1 kW/m²
1 W/m²	BTU/(h·ft²)	0.3170	100 W/m² = 31.70 BTU/(h·ft²)
1 kW/m²	W/m²	1000	1 kW/m² = 1000 W/m²
1 BTU/(h·ft²)	W/m²	3.1546	100 BTU/(h·ft²) = 315.46 W/m²

Light & Illumination Conversion Chart

Convert lux, footcandle, candela, lumen, luminance.

Illuminance

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 lx (Lux)	fc (Footcandle)	0.0929	100 lx = 9.29 fc
1 lx (Lux)	ph (Phot)	0.0001	10000 lx = 1 ph
1 fc (Footcandle)	lx (Lux)	10.764	100 fc = 1076.4 lx
1 ph (Phot)	lx (Lux)	10000	1 ph = 10000 lx

Luminance

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 cd/m² (Candela/m²)	fL (Footlambert)	0.2919	100 cd/m² = 29.19 fL
1 cd/m² (Candela/m²)	L (Lambert)	0.0003142	1000 cd/m² = 0.3142 L
1 fL (Footlambert)	cd/m²	3.426	100 fL = 342.6 cd/m²
1 L (Lambert)	cd/m²	3183.1	1 L = 3183.1 cd/m²

Luminous Intensity

From	To	Multiply By	Example
1 cd (Candela)	mcd (Millicandela)	1000	1 cd = 1000 mcd
1 mcd (Millicandela)	cd (Candela)	0.001	1000 mcd = 1 cd
1 cd (Candela)	cp (Candlepower)	1	1 cd = 1 cp

About These Conversion Charts

Complete Unit Conversion Reference

This page contains 2000+ conversion factors across 35+ different unit categories. Every possible conversion between units is listed, from common conversions like ounce to grams and kilometers to miles, to specialized engineering conversions like pascal-seconds to centipoise.

How to Use These Charts

Find your "From" unit in the left column and your "To" unit in the next column. Multiply your value by the conversion factor shown. For example, to convert 5 ounces to grams: 5 × 28.3495 = 141.75 grams. Use the search bar above to quickly find specific conversions.

Popular Conversions

Ounce to Grams: 1 oz = 28.3495 g
Gram to Ounce: 1 g = 0.03527 oz
Kilometer to Mile: 1 km = 0.6214 mi
Kilogram to Pound: 1 kg = 2.2046 lb
Liter to Gallon: 1 L = 0.2642 gal (US)
Celsius to Fahrenheit: °F = (°C × 1.8) + 32
Inch to Centimeter: 1 in = 2.54 cm
Foot to Meter: 1 ft = 0.3048 m

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I convert ounces to grams?

Multiply ounces by 28.3495 to get grams. For example, 8 oz × 28.3495 = 226.8 grams. For a quick estimate, multiply ounces by 28. Conversely, to convert grams to ounces, divide by 28.3495 or multiply by 0.03527.

How do I convert kilometers to miles?

Multiply kilometers by 0.6214 to get miles. For example, 100 km × 0.6214 = 62.14 miles. Alternatively, divide kilometers by 1.6093. A quick mental trick: multiply km by 0.6 for a rough estimate.

How do I convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?

Use the formula: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32, or equivalently °F = (°C × 1.8) + 32. For example, 25°C = (25 × 1.8) + 32 = 45 + 32 = 77°F. Quick reference: 0°C = 32°F, 20°C ≈ 68°F, 37°C ≈ 98.6°F.

How many pounds are in a kilogram?

1 kilogram equals 2.2046 pounds. To convert kg to lbs, multiply by 2.2046. For a quick estimate, multiply kg by 2.2. For example, 75 kg × 2.2 = 165 lbs (exact: 165.35 lbs).

How do I convert liters to gallons?

For US gallons, divide liters by 3.7854 or multiply by 0.2642. For example, 10 liters = 2.64 US gallons. Note: UK (Imperial) gallons are larger—1 UK gallon = 4.546 liters.

How do I convert psi to bar for tire pressure?

Multiply psi by 0.06895 to get bar. For example, 35 psi × 0.06895 = 2.41 bar. Many tire pressure gauges show both units. Common car tire pressures: 30-35 psi = 2.1-2.4 bar.

How many cups are in a liter?

1 liter equals approximately 4.227 US cups. To convert liters to cups, multiply by 4.227. For cooking, 1 cup = 236.59 mL, so 1 liter ≈ 4.23 cups. Note: UK cups are slightly different.

Are these conversion charts free to use?

Yes! All 2000+ conversion charts on this page are 100% free. Bookmark this page for quick reference whenever you need to convert units. No registration, no fees, no limits.

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Frequently Asked Questions

How accurate are the conversions?

Our conversions use industry-standard formulas and are accurate for most practical applications. However, for critical applications, we recommend verifying with professional resources.

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